Geographic Range
Yellow-throated toucans (
Ramphastos ambiguus
) are a native and endemic species to the Neotropics with a geographical range spreading
from Central America to the northwestern countries of South America. Based on subspecies,
this range varies from southeastern areas of Honduras to some stretches as far south
as Peru, including countries such as Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, and Columbia,
as well as isolated occasions in northwestern Venezuela. However, yellow-throated
toucans are not found widespread throughout each country, and sometimes found only
in isolated patches.
- Biogeographic Regions
- neotropical
Habitat
Yellow-throated toucans occupy many primary forested habitats, but mostly wet, tropical
forests, gallery forests near wetlands, and lowland evergreen forests. These canopy
birds also live in a large range of elevations between 100 m and 2670 m depending
on the subspecies and location. Some subspecies like
R. a. swainsonii
are found in lowlands and lower mountain slopes around elevations of 1000 m and below.
Other subspecies such as
R. a. abbreviates
and
R. a. ambiguus
can be found more in elevations above 1000 m.
Yellow-throated toucans dwell among canopies and avoid most open areas; however, they
can also be found along forest edges. Forest edges and old-secondary forests habitats
play a role in foraging for this species. Some of the tree species they are found
in include peach palm (
Bactris gasipaes
), and fruiting tree like
Casearia corymbose
,
Euterpe edulis
, and
Virola bicuhyba
.
- Habitat Regions
- tropical
- Terrestrial Biomes
- forest
- rainforest
Physical Description
The yellow-throated toucan's name alone is what gives away its most distinguishing
feature. With a bright yellow plumage on the face and chest, along with a long, bi-colored
bill, this species stands out. Plumage on the upperparts of the back and wings are
a black, with a white patch on the rump and black tips on the upper tail feathers.
The undertail coverts are a dark red color. There is no known difference between males
and females for feather pigment. As one of the largest toucan species, yellow-throated
toucans can also be easily recognized by size. The average weight for males and females
ranges between 599 g and 746 g, with the male tending to be slightly larger than the
females. Varying by subspecies yellow-throated toucansâ bill length (chord) ranges
between 129 mm and 198 mm. The upper mandible appears half yellow on top and most
distal from the body, and black towards the bottom and more proximal to the body.
The lower mandible is generally a black or a chestnut color; this is found in different
subspecies.
Some morphologically similar members of the Ramphastidae family include the keel-billed
toucan, (
Ramphastos sulfuratus
) and the choco toucan (
Ramphastos brevis
). These two species often overlap in the same range and habitat as yellow-throated
toucans. They can be distinguished however, by bill color and markings as well as
by voice. Yellow-throated toucans are again larger, with a longer and broader bill.
Another distinct characteristic found is that the yellow-throated toucan has a dark
red colored tint on the chest under its bright yellow chest/throat, and red plumage
under its tail feathers.
Not much difference had been seen in juveniles morphologically speaking, except bill
length to body ratio. It takes several months for the bill to fully grow.
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- bilateral symmetry
- Sexual Dimorphism
- male larger
Reproduction
Not many studies are available on yellow-throated toucansâ breeding, however what
is known mainly applies to the subspecies
R. a. swainsonii
. According to Short and Horne (2001), breeding seasons will vary depending on the
specific location the species is found and quantity of food available. Breeding has
been recorded between March and June in Costa Rica, December and May in Ecuador, and
January and July in Panama and Columbia. Yellow-throated toucans are thought to be
monogamous and form long-term bonds, however this area needs more data and studies
completed.
It is noted that males sing on perches throughout the year to draw attention of females.
Also, it is commonly hypothesized that the colorful and oversized beak on yellow-throated
toucans may add to selection benefits in mating choice and drawing attention. However,
there is no known correlation between beak coloration and length with successful mating
and reproduction. Along with singing behaviors, observations show that mates will
allopreen and perform courtship feeding- where the male will feed the female, often
regurgitated fruit. This is a common mating ritual among all toucan species. Another
mating ritual that occurs called fruit tossing is seen in other toucan species like
the âtoco toucan (
Ramphastos toco
)â and is initiated between males and females. This courtship behavior could be a
possible behavior seen with yellow-throated toucans as well. Other mating behaviors
may include male territorial behaviors and guarding of fruit trees while the female
feeds.
- Mating System
- monogamous
- cooperative breeder
The reproductive processes and cycles remain understudied. It is believed that the
yellow-throated toucan clutch size is between two and three eggs, however egg and
incubation information remain undescribed to our knowledge. Further knowledge on the
physiological development of this speciesâ young would be helpful and provide a comparison
to other bird species. Nesting takes place in hollowed tree cavities due to wood rot,
as yellow-throated toucans are not capable of excavating themselves like other bird
species. However, the length for nestling period is not known. In other toucan species,
the nestling period ranges between 40 and 60 days, as seen in Araçari toucans.
- Key Reproductive Features
- iteroparous
- year-round breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- oviparous
Details of parental care in the yellow-throated toucan are understudied, which is
mainly due to the high elevation where breeding, nesting and weaning care occurs.
It is believed however that dual parental care occurs, and the main role of the male
is protection of the nesting area.
- Parental Investment
- altricial
Lifespan/Longevity
There are no known current records of longevity and life history for yellow-throated
toucans. Further knowledge on matters such as age at first breeding, survivorship,
and population regulation also could be an area for future research.
Behavior
Yellow-throated toucans are a diurnal and social species. Yellow-throated toucans
are also arboreal. Their flight occurs with rapid and shallow wingbeats, followed
by gliding from tree to tree, and do not travel long distances. However, they will
travel further distances for foraging and mating. Regardless of primarily traveling
alone, this social bird can still be found in small groups or pairs. Spending much
of its time in tree canopies, the most recorded behaviors seen include foraging by
hopping branch to branch, preening or other comfort behaviors, and vocal communications.
Yellow-throated toucans are very vocal and perform frequent calling from high perches
in the canopy of trees. They often are heard in pairs or echo calls in chorus around
dusk and dawn. As described by Stiles and Skutch (1989), calling is done with the
head thrown upward with the first note and lowered with each following note.
Other behaviors seen in yellow-throated toucans would be frequent self-maintenance,
including sleeping, preening, and scratching or rubbing. Though, due to their extremely
large beaks, allopreening is more common and less limiting. Toucans are known for
their unusual sleeping style, as they tuck their beak behind their back and under
raised tail feathers; this is displayed also in yellow-throated toucans. The abnormal
sleeping style is not well studied, but it is hypothesized that in most toucan species
the beak acts to regulate heat distribution and as a transient thermal radiator, along
with other functions, thus this sleeping position may help regulate heat while sleeping.
This species generally forages in pairs or even small flocks. They have also been
observed in larger flocks of mixed species where food is abundant. Along with this,
cooperative and specialized social hunting is believed to be another behavior demonstrated
in yellow-throated toucans. In a study by Mindell and Black (1984) they describe two
toucans working together to capture prey, a lizard (
Dactyloa frenata
).
- Key Behaviors
- arboreal
- flies
- glides
- diurnal
- motile
- territorial
- social
Communication and Perception
Communication for yellow-throated toucans primarily occurs through vocalizations.
They are known for a loud yelping call that has been described as "KEEU de-deh de-deh".
This call is widely distinguishable compared to other species in the Ramphastidae
family. As noted in many studies, locals describe the call as âDĂos te dĂ© te dĂ©â,
which means âGod give youâ in Spanish. Yellow-throated toucansâ call are often heard
in early morning and evening chorus and echoed throughout the canopies. The meaning
behind the call is believed to be associated in mating, warning, feeding, and territorial
displays, however the functional significant of the call is still unknown and understudied.
Toucan species in general, including this species, are often observed calling in synchrony.
This may convey information on an individualâs reproductive status as seen by Coulson
(1966), that high frequency synchronous calling may be characteristic of a strong
pair bond, which is often viewed as a precondition for successful mating.
Along with their signature call, yellow-throated toucans also create grunting noises
and rattles, but are often used in a more aggressive manner. The yellow-throated toucan
also communicates non-verbally using its two notched outer primaries to create a wing-rustling
noise. With most bird species including yellow-throated toucans, perception of their
environment occurs through auditory, chemical, tactile, and visual stimuli. However,
no significant studies have been performed to further knowledge on this topic.
Food Habits
Yellow-throated toucans are primarily frugivores like most toucans, eating nuts, roots,
seeds, and mostly fruit from trees. Most information recorded on yellow-throated toucansâ
diet is for the subspecies
R. a. swainsonii
. Some of the primary food sources for this species includes fruit from fruiting tress.
Genera such as
g. Beilschmiedia
,
g. Casearia
,
g. Cecropia
,
g. Didymopanax
,
g. Faramea
,
g. Virola
,
g. Protium
,
g. Hampea,
and
g. Trophis
are all examples of the large variety of trees that supply resources for yellow-throated
toucans. Some species including
V. sebifera
and
C. corymbose
are vital food sources for these birds. Both provide important fruits that yellow-throated
toucansâ diet rely on during seasons/spans of limited resources and fruiting trees
available.
Other forms of food that yellow-throated toucans eat include invertebrates like insects,
also lizards, frogs, and snakes. Yellow-throated toucans additionally are nest predators
and have been recorded raiding nests of species like âtropical kingbirds (
Tyrannus melancholicus
)â, and âboat-billed flycatchers (
Megarynchus pitangua
)â. Although it seems that this species has a large varying diet, the degree these
frugivores prey on other animals is usually unknown. In a study by Remsen et al. (1993),
the food content in the stomach was analyzed for multiple toucan species, and it was
found that in yellow-throated toucans, the primary contents were from fruit.
- Primary Diet
-
carnivore
- eats terrestrial vertebrates
- eats eggs
- insectivore
- eats non-insect arthropods
- herbivore
- omnivore
- Animal Foods
- eggs
- insects
- terrestrial non-insect arthropods
- Plant Foods
- roots and tubers
- seeds, grains, and nuts
- fruit
Predation
Little is known about any predatory challenges yellow-throated toucans may face. They
are among one of the largest toucan species and are predatorial themselves. It is
believed that most other species avoid confronting or challenging yellow-throated
toucans when predation of other speciesâ nests occurs. This may arise due to the intimidating
size of beak seen on this species, but no studies support this hypothesis.
Ecosystem Roles
Yellow-throated toucans have been found to be especially important and vital when
it comes to seed dispersion. As a frugivore species, they are as said by Sekercioglu
(2006), genetic linkers that carry genetic material from one plant to another or to
habitats that are suitable for regeneration. Yellow-throated toucans are one of many
species which allows for seeds to be dispersed in a wide geographical range. Along
with other large frugivore species, they have been shown to hold a certain resilience
for seed dispersal in human-impacted landscapes or fragmented forests. According to
Markl et al. (2012), rates of dispersion are not greatly affected by fragmentation,
but more significant factors like logging and hunting disrupted rates of seed-dispersion
for this species. Yellow-throated toucansâ role in tropical ecosystems overall is
believed to play a component in increasing biodiversity in heavily impacted deforested
areas. However, more research would help outline the effectiveness and essentiality
for this species.
- Ecosystem Impact
- disperses seeds
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
As seen in other toucan species, yellow-throated toucans play a big economic role
in Neotropical forest ranges. They are important as a food resource and valued for
colorful feathers used in local crafts. Yellow-throated toucans are also no exception
to pet trade. Although not much information has been recorded for this species specifically,
other toucans such as the toco toucan (
R. toco
) have documented accounts for pet trade. According to CITES (2020) around 200 toco
toucans per year have been legally exported from Guyana since 1997. Paraguay had also
exported 132 birds in 2002.
As a prevalent species within its range, yellow-throated toucans also allow probability
for ecotourism for many people not local to this range. Many places like National
Parks boast of wild toucans that fly freely for tourists and even interact with people
for food.
- Positive Impacts
- pet trade
- food
- body parts are source of valuable material
- ecotourism
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
There are no known adverse effects of Ramphastos ambiguus on humans.
Conservation Status
The yellow-throated toucan is listed as a near threatened species with a decreasing
population according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (2016). Yellow-throated
toucans are resilient to ecosystem disturbances and deforestation, but habitat loss
affects them, nonetheless. With habitat fragmentation, surveys have shown a decrease
of yellow-throated toucan populations. Because this species is also considered weak
at flying, as fragmentation intensifies, further isolation of this species means less
access to nutritional resources and a less diversified selection in mating, leading
to the overall population decline.
Not much is known about any conservation efforts in place, and no known action recovery
plans are in place. There are conservation sites though, where the yellow-throated
toucan is found and plentiful. Guevara et al. (2010) found that yellow-throated toucans
were prevalent in Lower Sangay National Park in Morona-Santiago, Ecuador. This area
indirectly benefits this species and is an example for how some of these parks can
contribute to conserving this species in the future.
Hunting is another possible threat for yellow-throated toucans, which are considered
a meat source in some areas. Many toucan species are affected by hunting and pet trade,
however no detailed information on this problem and how it affects yellow-throated
toucan populations is available.
Additional Links
Contributors
Brianna Lilly (author), Northern Michigan University, Alec Lindsay (editor), Northern Michigan University, Tanya Dewey (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
- Neotropical
-
living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Central and South America.
- native range
-
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- tropical
-
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
- forest
-
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
- rainforest
-
rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.
- monogamous
-
Having one mate at a time.
- cooperative breeder
-
helpers provide assistance in raising young that are not their own
- iteroparous
-
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
- year-round breeding
-
breeding takes place throughout the year
- sexual
-
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- oviparous
-
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.
- altricial
-
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.
- arboreal
-
Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing.
- diurnal
-
- active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.
- motile
-
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- territorial
-
defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement
- social
-
associates with others of its species; forms social groups.
- visual
-
uses sight to communicate
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- duets
-
to jointly display, usually with sounds in a highly coordinated fashion, at the same time as one other individual of the same species, often a mate
- choruses
-
to jointly display, usually with sounds, at the same time as two or more other individuals of the same or different species
- pet trade
-
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets.
- food
-
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
- ecotourism
-
humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. Ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals.
- carnivore
-
an animal that mainly eats meat
- insectivore
-
An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.
- herbivore
-
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
- frugivore
-
an animal that mainly eats fruit
- granivore
-
an animal that mainly eats seeds
- omnivore
-
an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals
- endothermic
-
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- bilateral symmetry
-
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
- visual
-
uses sight to communicate
- tactile
-
uses touch to communicate
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- chemical
-
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
References
Beletsky, L. 1998. Costa Rica: The Ecotraveller's Wildlife Guide . San Diego, CA: San Diego: Academic Press.
BirdLife International, 2016. "Ramphastos ambiguus" (On-line). IUCN Red List. Accessed February 12, 2020 at https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22727999/94967701 .
Clayton, D., P. Cotgreave. 1994. Behavior. Comparative Analysis of Time Spent Grooming by Birds in Relation to Parasite Load , 131 (3-4): 171-187.
Coulson, J. 1966. Journal of Animal Ecology. The Influence of the Pair-Bond and Age on Breeding Biology of the Kittiwake Gull Rissa tridactyla , 35 (2): 269-279.
Garcia, D., D. Martinez. 2012. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Science. Species Richness Matters for the Quality of Ecosystem Services: A Test Using Seed Dispersal by Frugivorous Birds , 279 (1740): 3106-3113. Accessed March 17, 2020 at https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspb.2012.0175 .
Granizo, T., C. Pacheco, M. Ribadeneira, M. Guerrero, L. Suarez. 2002. Libro rojo de las aves del Ecuador. . Quito, Ecuador: SIMBIOE. Accessed April 17, 2020 at chrome-extension://gphandlahdpffmccakmbngmbjnjiiahp/https://biblio.flacsoandes.edu.ec/catalog/resGet.php?resId=56484 .
Guevara, E., R. Gualotuña, T. Santander, J. Guevara, V. Ortiz. 2010. CheckList. Birds, ower Sangay National Park, Morona-Santiago, Ecuador , 6: 319.
Haffer, J. 1974. Avian Speciation in Tropical South America with a Systematic Survey of Toucans (Ramphastidae) and Jacamars (Galbulidae) . Cambridge, MA: Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club.
Hilty, S., W. Brown. 1986. A Guide to the Birds of Columbia . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hilty, S. 2003. Birds of Venezuela . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Howe, H. 1977. Bird Activity and Seed Dispersal of a Tropical Wet Forest Tree. Ecology , 58 (3): 539-550.
Kattan, G., H. Alvarez-Lopez, M. Giraldo. 1994. Forest Frangmentation and Bird Extinctions: San Antonio Eighty Years Later. Conservation Biology , 8 (1): 138-146.
Kricher, J. 1999. A Neotropical Companion: An Introduction to the Animals, Plants and Ecosystems of the New World Tropics . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Markl, J., M. Schleuning, P. Forget, P. Jordano, J. Lambert, A. Traveset. 2012. Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Human Disturbance on Seed Disperal by Animals. Conservation Biology , 26 (6): 1072-1081.
Mindell, D., H. Black. 1984. Combined-Effort Hunting by a Pair of Chestnut-Mandibled Toucans. The Wilson Bulletin , 96 (2): 319-321. Accessed March 21, 2020 at www.jstor.org/stable/4161932 .
Moreira, J., P. Riba-Hernandez, J. Lobo. 2017. Toucans (Ramphastos ambiguus) Facilitate Resilience Against Seed Dispersal Limitation to a Large-Seeded Tree (Virola surinamensis) in a Human-Modified Landscape. Biotropica , 49 (4): 502-510.
Patané, J., J. Weckstein, A. Aleixo, J. Bates. 2009. Evolutionary History of Ramphastos Toucans: Molecular Phylogenetics, Temporal Diversification, and Biogeography.. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 53: 923-934.
Remsen, J., M. Hyde, A. Chapman. 1993. The Diets of Neotropical Trogons, Motmots, Barbets and Toucans. The Condor , 95 (1): 178-192.
Rice, A., J. Weckstein, J. Engel. 2020. "Birds of the World" (On-line). Yellow-throated Toucan. Accessed February 10, 2020 at https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/bkmtou1/cur/introduction .
Rother, D., M. Pizo, P. Jordano. 2015. Variation in Seed Dispersal Effectiveness: The Redundancy of Consequences in Diversified Tropical Frugivore Assemblages. Oikos , 125 (3): 336-342.
Schulenberg, T., D. Stotz, L. Rico. 2006. "Distribution Maps of the Birds of Peru" (On-line). Environment, Culture & Conservation. Accessed March 12, 2020 at http://fm2.fieldmuseum.org/uw_test/birdsofperu on 01/29/20 .
Sekercioglu, C. 2006. Increasing Awareness of Avian Ecological Function. Trends in Ecology & Evolution , 21 (8): 464-471.
Short, L., J. Horne. 2001. Toucans, Barbets, and Honeyguides: Ramphastidae, Capitonidae, and Indicatoridae . New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Short, L., J. Horne. 2002. Family Ramphastidae. Pp. 220-272 in Handbook of the Birds of the World , Vol. 7. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
Skutch, A. 1979. Aves de Costa Rica . Costa Rica, San Jose: Editorial Costa Rica.
Skutch, A. 1958. Roosting and Nesting of Aracari Toucans. The Condor , 60 (4): 201-219.
Stiles, F., A. Diamond, T. Lovejoy. 1985. Conservation of Tropical Forest Birds . Great Britain: Editorial Kings College, Cambridge, International Council for Bird Preservation.
Stiles, F., A. Skutch. 1989. Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica . Ithaca, NY: Comstock, Cornell University Press.
Strahl, S., A. Grajal. 1991. Conservation of Large Frugivores and the Management of Neotropical Protected Areas. Oryx , 25 (1): 50-55.
Tattersall, G., D. Andrade, A. Abe. 2009. Heat Exchange from the Toucan Bill Reveals a Controllable Vascular Thermal Radiator. Science , 325 (5939): 468-470.
Vincent, M. 2007. The Preliminary Studies of Wild Toco Toucans (Ramphastos toco)- A Keeper's Experience in the Field. Ratel , 34 (3): 8.
Weckstein, J. 2005. Molecular Phylogenetics of the Ramphastos Toucans: Implications for the Evolution of Morphology, Vocalizations, and Coloration. The Auk , 122 (4): 1191-1209.