Geographic Range
Madagascan rousettes (
Rousettus madagascariensis
) are endemic to the island of Madagascar, off the Southeast coast of Africa. They
are widespread throughout the island; however, they are rarely found in the central
highlands or the arid southwest.
- Other Geographic Terms
- island endemic
Habitat
Madagascan rousettes can be found inhabiting lowland rainforests and deciduous forests
where annual rainfall averages 2,000 mm per year. They can even be found in Eucalyptus
plantations located near agricultural regions. They are found in lowland forests at
elevations ranging from sea level to 800 meters. The habitat of these bats is dwindling.
The forests have been degraded and fragmented, which puts more pressure on the remaining
forests to support the increasing populations of human inhabitants.
- Habitat Regions
- tropical
- terrestrial
- Terrestrial Biomes
- forest
- rainforest
- Other Habitat Features
- agricultural
- caves
Physical Description
With forearm lengths of 66.0 to 76.2 mm, head and body lengths of 119 to 140 mm and
skull lengths of 34.1 to 37.6 mm, Madagascan rousettes are the smallest of Madagascar’s
three endemic fruit bats. These bats have proportionally broad wings, with wingspans
ranging between 42.5 to 52 cm. Their wing membrane is attached to their foot, between
the first and second toes. Like many other fruit bats, Madagascan rousettes have a
rather pointed muzzle, wide spread, relatively short ears and large eyes, much like
the facial features of a common dog. However, their skull is very delicate, with light
zygomatic arches, a slender rostrum and no sagittal crest. Their teeth are very rousettine
in form, but slightly narrower and display a palatal ridge pattern of 4 + 3 + 1. Their
fur is dense and quite long, however, their fur is shorter around their neck, throat
and shoulder areas. Their upperparts are grey-brown with a hint of red, while their
under parts are a lighter shade of grey. Their upper arm, including the upper part
of the forearm, is furred dorsally and ventrally, although the dorsal fur is very
short. In comparison, their legs are almost hairless. Madagascan rousettes have a
lower body mass from May to July. Lower ambient temperatures and the scarcity of food
result in increasing metabolic rates that cause their body masses to decrease.
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- bilateral symmetry
Reproduction
At this time, there is little known about the mating system of Madagascan rousettes.
However, they may be similar to other members of their genus. Egyptian fruit bats
(
Rousettus aegyptiacus
) have a promiscuous system of breeding, not usually associated with sexual selection,
likewise, long-haired rousettes (
Rousettus lanosus
) also have multiple partners. Madagascan rousettes may also follow this mating system.
- Mating System
- polygynandrous (promiscuous)
The breeding of Madagascan rousettes seems to coincide with high temperatures and
food availability, which occurs during the summer season in Madagascar. The particular
breeding strategies of this bat are based on the local environment. The body mass
of both females and males are at their lowest during May through July. However, the
body mass of females is heavier in December and January (the wet season) during pregnancy
and lactation. Pregnancies have been observed between October and December, with lactation
and birth occurring in the early rainy season, roughly starting around December. Females
carry their young in flight until about January. Starting as soon as 6 weeks after
birth, female bats begin weaning their young, by 8 weeks they are fully weaned, which
occurs toward the end of the wet season (March to April). After weaning, the bat’s
diet consists of a high proportion of seeds.
- Key Reproductive Features
- seasonal breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- viviparous
During the first six weeks of life, female bats carry their young in flight. Starting
around six weeks, females begin weaning the young bats and by 8 weeks they are independent
from their mothers. There is no evidence of an investment made by male bats.
- Parental Investment
- altricial
- female parental care
-
pre-weaning/fledging
-
provisioning
- female
-
protecting
- female
-
provisioning
-
pre-independence
-
provisioning
- female
-
protecting
- female
-
provisioning
Lifespan/Longevity
There are currently no studies that provide solid evidence for the lifespan of Madagascan rousettes.
Behavior
There is no research specifically stating the territorial behavior of Madagascan rousettes.
However, these bats travel at least 8 km from their roost for foraging, with round
trips up to 27 km. The actual distance that they travel is a function of food distribution
and availability.
Home Range
The home range of Madagascan rousettes is strictly limited to the island of Madagascar.
The island is approximately 587,045 sq km (226,658 sq mi) making it the fourth largest
island in the world.
Communication and Perception
Madagascan rousettes utilize echolocation to navigate their way in the dark when they
are active and foraging. Echolocation in this genus is described as a series of short
clicks of the tongue against the side of the mouth. The echo is used by measuring
the time delay between the click sound produced by the bat and any echoes that may
return from obstacles in the environment, the bat is then able to navigate around
the obstacles.
- Communication Channels
- acoustic
- Perception Channels
- tactile
- acoustic
- echolocation
- chemical
Food Habits
Madagascan rousettes feeds mainly on juices of fruits, soft fruit pulp and nectar
including
Ficus
, banana nectar, litchis (
Litchis chinensis
), and jamba (
Syzygium
). Seeds are rarely found in the diet of these bats, with the exception of the small
seeds of
Ficus rubra
fruits. These bats seek out fruit species that are particularly rich in calcium,
lipids and have a high moisture content. When other species are available, they do
not show a preference for commercially important fruits. Madagascan rousettes frequently
carry their food in their mouths away from the foraging trees.
- Plant Foods
- fruit
- nectar
Predation
Few known predators effect the population of Madagascan rousettes more than humans.
In Madagascar, these bats are hunted and killed as bushmeat. They are legally hunted
between the months of May and August; however, there are incidents throughout the
year of illegal hunting. Their only other documented predator is barn owls (
Tyto alba
) in western Madagascar.
Ecosystem Roles
The extent to which Madagascan rousettes act as seed dispersers and pollinators remains
to be described. Their potential for seed dispersal is clear because of their small
size; they are the only fruit bat in Madagascar that can fly within intact forests,
allowing them to transport and defecate viable seeds.
- Ecosystem Impact
- disperses seeds
- pollinates
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
This bat is hunted as a source of protein. It is also the subject of intense scientific
studies.
- Positive Impacts
- food
- research and education
- pollinates crops
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
By itself this bat does not pose any threat to humans. However, there is conclusive
evidence that Madagascan rousettes have come in contact with a virus from the genus
Henipavirus
. These bats may have contracted it by sharing cave roosts with other species that
carried the virus. The emergence of this virus represents a health problem for humans
and animals; it causes severe febrile encephalitis, which has been associated with
death in humans and respiratory illnesses in domestic pigs and horses.
- Negative Impacts
-
injures humans
- carries human disease
- causes or carries domestic animal disease
Conservation Status
Madagascan rousettes are listed as 'near threatened' under the Red List classification.
They are listed as such because they have experienced a population decline of 20 to
25% over the past 15 years, however, they are not declining fast enough to be placed
under a higher threat category. They were considered 'vulnerable' in 1996. As a game
species under Malagasy law, Madagascan rousettes are only protected in nature reserves.
There are 6 reserves where these bats occur: Réserve Spéciale d’Ankarana, Réserve
Spéciale d’Analamerana, Parc National d’Ankarafantsika, Parc National de Namoroka,
Parc National du Tsingy de Bemaraha and Parc National d’Isalo.
Additional Links
Contributors
Caitlin Braun (author), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Christopher Yahnke (editor), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Leila Siciliano Martina (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff.
- Ethiopian
-
living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar.
- native range
-
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- island endemic
-
animals that live only on an island or set of islands.
- tropical
-
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
- terrestrial
-
Living on the ground.
- forest
-
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
- rainforest
-
rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.
- agricultural
-
living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.
- polygynandrous
-
the kind of polygamy in which a female pairs with several males, each of which also pairs with several different females.
- seasonal breeding
-
breeding is confined to a particular season
- sexual
-
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- viviparous
-
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
- altricial
-
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.
- female parental care
-
parental care is carried out by females
- nocturnal
-
active during the night
- motile
-
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- social
-
associates with others of its species; forms social groups.
- colonial
-
used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies. More specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits (a continuous, modular society) - as in clonal organisms.
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- tactile
-
uses touch to communicate
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- echolocation
-
The process by which an animal locates itself with respect to other animals and objects by emitting sound waves and sensing the pattern of the reflected sound waves.
- chemical
-
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
- food
-
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
- causes or carries domestic animal disease
-
either directly causes, or indirectly transmits, a disease to a domestic animal
- herbivore
-
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
- frugivore
-
an animal that mainly eats fruit
- endothermic
-
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- bilateral symmetry
-
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
References
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