Sacculina carcini

Geographic Range

Sacculina carcini is a parasitic species, so its geographic range follows its host. Carcinus maenas , the green crab, is a major host. The green crab is considered a highly invasive species, so it is not clear where S. carcini 's actual range is. Carcinus maenas has a native range of the upper European/North African coast, though it has since spread to most of the major coasts, including the United States' New England coast area, the western U.S. coast, some areas at the southern coast of South America, the southern coast of Africa, and the southeast coast of Australia. In addition, S. carcini is being introduced in areas to control C. maenas , so it is possible that the parasite extends to some of the crab's invasive range.

• Biogeographic Regions
• nearctic nearctic
  • introduced introduced
• palearctic palearctic
  • native native
• ethiopian ethiopian
  • introduced introduced
• australian australian
  • introduced introduced
• atlantic ocean atlantic ocean
  • native native
• pacific ocean pacific ocean
  • introduced introduced

Habitat

Sacculina carcini lives in a marine environment. During the brief larval period, S. carcini is pelagic, but as an adult, it lives as a parasite within a crab. The crabs that S. carcini prefers to parasitize live in coastal waters with mud, rock, or sand substrates.

• Habitat Regions
• saltwater or marine saltwater or marine

• Aquatic Biomes
• pelagic pelagic
• benthic benthic
• coastal coastal

• Other Habitat Features
• estuarine estuarine

Physical Description

Sacculina carcini differs greatly from other barnacles. While the larval form is typical of the barnacle cypris larvae, the adult form is extremely reduced. At first, the female adult form resembles a microscopic slug, but as it parasitizes the crab, it grows tendrils that allow S. carcini to obtain nutrients from the crab's tissues. As it develops, it becomes more of an ovoid sack hanging off the parasitized crab, essentially nothing but a mass of reproductive tissue enclosed in chitinous armor. The male S. carcini is extremely small and serves only to fertilize the female's eggs.

• Other Physical Features
• ectothermic ectothermic
• heterothermic heterothermic
• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry
• radial symmetry radial symmetry

• Sexual Dimorphism
• female larger
• sexes shaped differently

Development

The life cycle of S. carcini begins with a nauplius larvae being emitted from the mantle cavity of the host. The free-living nauplius larvae molts several times over five or six days, and then enters the cypris stage. Three days into the cypris stage, S. carcini attaches to its host's antenna. From there, it sheds its abdomen and thorax, and enters the crab as a mass of embryonic cells through its antennae. At this point, the mass of cells migrates to the mid-gut of the crab just below the heart and extends tendrils to secure itself and obtain nutrition.

Several weeks after it enters its host, Sacculina carcini extends a small knob through the abdomen of its host called an externa. This knob is where the male S. carcini enters the female.

• Development - Life Cycle
• neotenic/paedomorphic
• metamorphosis metamorphosis

Reproduction

The female S. carcini extends a small knob to the outside of a crab, through which a microscopic male larvae enters. Typically, a female S. carcini has two males which live off of it and constantly fertilizes it. The female then produces hundreds of eggs a day, which incubate in the abdomen of the host.

• Mating System
• polyandrous polyandrous

A Sacculina carcini female is fertilized by microscopic males which live within it. The female releases fertilized eggs into the abdominal cavity of the host, where the eggs are incubated and develop into free-living larvae. About 6 weeks after finding a host, the young are capable of reproducing.

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous iteroparous
• seasonal breeding seasonal breeding
• sexual sexual
• fertilization fertilization
  • internal internal
• oviparous oviparous

While a female S. carcini provides no parental care, the hosts provide an efficient means of distribution for larvae. The behavior of both male and female infected crabs is modified so that they treat the externa from S. carcini like their own eggs. Infected crabs climb to high places with fast currents and disperse larval parasites like they would their own eggs, thus continuing the cycle of infection. At this point, the free-swimming S. carcini larvae are entirely independent.

• Parental Investment
• pre-hatching/birth

Lifespan/Longevity

The lifespan of S. carcini is host-dependent, as its life-span matches that of the host. In many crabs this is 1-2 years.

Behavior

Sacculina carcini spends the entirety of its mobile life as plankton. When it finds a suitable host, it extends tendrils throughout the host's body and becomes not much more than a mass of reproductive tissue. This parasite also modifies its host's behavior by causing infected male crabs to act as females, and to expand their abominable cavity. The host's behavior is also modified to treat S. carcini 's eggs as if they were its own eggs.

• Key Behaviors
• parasite parasite
• sessile sessile

Communication and Perception

The adult S. carcini is extremely reduced. Because the female consists, literally, of only its root-system of tendrils which allow it to draw nutrients and influence its host and the external reproductive sac, S. carcini lacks any real sensory perception. However, they aer able to locate a host through chemical perception. Adult males have enough sensory perception to presumably allow it to find a female.

• Communication Channels
• tactile tactile
• chemical chemical

• Perception Channels
• tactile tactile
• chemical chemical

Food Habits

Sacculina carcini is entirely parasitic, relying on its host for nutrition. Its host secretes nutrients, which it absorbs.

• Primary Diet
• carnivore carnivore
  • eats body fluids

• Animal Foods
• body fluids

Predation

Because S. carcini is an internal crab parasite, its only predators are animals that predate on crabs.

Ecosystem Roles

Sacculina carcini is a parasite on a wide variety of crab species, and causes decreased fertility in infected crabs. Since Carcinus maenas is a primary host, S. carcini works to somewhat control the green crab population. Currently S. carcini is being considered whether it is an effective invasive species regulatory control. In some populations, S. carcini can render up 50% of the crab population infertile, so in theory, S. carcini can have an important effect on the ecosystem balance.

• Ecosystem Impact
• parasite parasite

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Sacculina carcini has been considered as a means of controlling invasive crab species, but due to low host specificity it also seems to damage non-invasive crab populations. As such, it is not yet known whether or not S. carcini will be an appropriate invasive species control.

• Positive Impacts
• controls pest population

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

Sacculina carcini causes economic damage to humans by decreasing the viability of crabs harvested for human consumption. Crabs infected with S. carcini cease molting, and so do not grow to a suitable size for eating. Carcinus maenas in particular is considered to be of gastronomic importance, and is frequently eaten in many European countries.

• Negative Impacts
• causes or carries domestic animal disease causes or carries domestic animal disease

Conservation Status

Sacculina carcini does not have any conservation status.

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

Contributors

Winnie Jeng (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Phil Myers (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Renee Mulcrone (editor), Special Projects.

References

Boxshall, G. 2009. " Sacculina carcini Thompson, 1836" (On-line). WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species. Accessed April 23, 2011 at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=134805 .

Day, J. 1935. The life-history of Sacculina . Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science , s2 (77): 549-583. Accessed May 01, 2011 at http://jcs.biologists.org/content/s2-77/308/549.full.pdf .

Foxon, G. 1940. Notes on the life history of Sacculina carcini Thompson. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom , 24 (1): 253-264. Accessed May 02, 2011 at http://sabella.mba.ac.uk/1158/01/Notes_on_the_life_history_of_Sacculina_carcini_Thompson.pdf .

Glenner, H., M. Hebsgaard. 2006. Phylogeny and evolution of life history strategies of the parasitic barnacles (Crustacea, Cirripedia, Rhizocephala). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 41 (3): 528-538.

Glenner, H., M. Werner. 1998. Increased susceptibility of recently moulted Carcinus maenas (L.) to attack by the parasitic barnacle Sacculina carcini Thompson 1836. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 228 (1): 29-33.

Høeg, J., N. Murphy, C. Wittwer. 2000. Developing the options for managing marine pests: specificity trials on the parasitic castrator, Sacculina carcini , against the European crab, Carcinus maenas , and related species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 254 (1): 37-51.

Jones, T. 2007. " Carcinus maenas " (On-line). Accessed March 16, 2010 at http://www.marine.csiro.au/crimp/nimpis/spSummary.asp?txa=6275 .

Lützen, J. 1981. Field studies on regeneration in Sacculina carcini Thompson (Crustacea: Rhizocephala) in the Isefjord, Denmark. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology , 53 (2-3): 241-249.

Payen, G., M. Hubert, Y. Turquier, C. Rubiliani, C. Chassard-Bouchaud. 1981. Infestations expérimentales de crabes juvéniles par la sacculine. Ultrastructure des racines parasitaires en croissance et relations avec la niasse ganglionnaire ventrale de l'hôte (Experimental infestations of young Carcinus With Sacculina carcini ). Canadian Journal of Zoology , 59: 9.

Russell, J., G. Walker, R. Woollen. 2000. Observations on two infectious agents found within the rootlets of the parasitic barnacle, Sacculina carcini . Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK , 80: 373-374.

Takahashi, T., J. Lutzen. 1998. Asexual reproduction as part of the life cycle in Sacculina polygenea (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala: Sacculinidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology , 18 (2): 321-331.

Zimmer, C. 2000. Parasite Rex: Inside the Bizarre World of Nature's Most Dangerous Creature . New York, New York: Touchstone.

Zimmer, C. 2001. "Animal Parasites" (On-line). Science World. Accessed April 23, 2011 at http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1590/is_9_57/ai_70872766/ .

Zimmer, C. 2000. "Do Parasites Rule the World?" (On-line). Discover Magazine. Accessed April 23, 2011 at http://discovermagazine.com/2000/aug/cover .