The 11 species (3 genera) of this family are found in Africa and Asia.
Like their New World equivalents, the North American porcupines, Old World porcupines are large, heavyset, slow-moving animals that rely on their imposing quills for defense rather than on speed or agility. The largest hystricids may exceed 25 kg in weight; others weigh a kilogram or two. Their heads are massive and broad. The ears are generally small, as are the eyes. The tail is very short in some species, but it reaches around half the head-body length in others. Both forelimbs and hindlimbs are short and heavily built. The forefeet have 5 digits, but the thumb is reduced in size. The hindfeet have five functional digits. The claws are short. Hystricids are plantigrade, that is, they place the full sole of the foot on the ground when they walk.
The pelage of hystricids varies considerably species to species. All have spines of some sort, but their spines lack the barbules that characterize the spines of New World porcupines. In Trichys, for example, the spines are short, flattened, and not especially well developed. In Hystrix, in contrast, the spines develop into hollow quills that reach 20 cm in length. Each quill is conspicuously marked with black and white bands. These quills are densely arrayed over the rump and back. They rattle when shaken, serving as a warning to potential predators. If that doesn't work, the porcupine may attempt to charge backwards into the predator. As is the case with North American porcupines, the quills are loosely attached but can't be thrown or otherwise projected. They penetrate flesh readily, becoming stuck and detaching from the porcupine. Elsewhere on their bodies, hystricids have coarse, flat bristles. In some, these form an erectable crest on their necks and the tops of their head.
Hystricids have long skulls that are in some species inflated with air chambers over the rostrum and top of the head. They are hystricomorphous, with a huge infraorbital foramen. No accessory groove or foramen is present for nerves passing to the rostrum. The zygomatic arches are robust, but the jugal does not reach the lacrimal. Auditory bullae are small and paroccipital processes are short. The lower jaws are hystricognathous.
The dental formula of hystricids is 1/1, 0/0, 1/1, 3/3 = 20. The molars of hystricids are flat-crowned and vary from brachydont to hypsodont. The occlusal surfaces of the upper molars have three labial folds and one lingual fold; the folds are reversed on the lower molars. Toothwear causes the folds to appear as islands on the surface of the teeth.
These animals are terrestrial, not climbing trees in the manner of North American porcupines. They are excellent diggers, constructing their own burrows or appropriating and modifying those of other animals. Their diets include many kinds of plant material, but also carrion. Gnawed bones often litter the ground around their dens; these may be chewed for their calcium.
Fossil hystricids are known from the Miocene.
References and literature cited:
Feldhamer, G. A., L. C. Drickamer, S. H. Vessey, and J. F. Merritt. 1999. Mammalogy. Adaptation, Diversity, and Ecology. WCB McGraw-Hill, Boston. xii+563pp.
Macdonald, David. 1984. The encyclopedia of mammals. Facts on File Publications, New York.
Nowak, R. M. and J. L. Paradiso. 1983. Walker's mammals of the world. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, pp 803-810.
Vaughan, T. A. 1986. Mammalogy. Third Edition. Saunders College Publishing, Fort Worth. vii+576 pp.
Vaughan, T. A., J. M. Ryan, N. J. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy. Fourth Edition. Saunders College Publishing, Philadelphia. vii+565pp.
Wilson, D. E. and D. M. Reeder (eds.). 1993. Mammal species of the world: A taxonomic and geographic reference, 2nd ed.. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London.
Woods, C. A. 1984. Hystricognath rodents. Pp. 389-446 in Anderson, S. and J. K. Jones, Jr. (eds.). Orders and familes of mammals of the world. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Phil Myers (author), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
uses touch to communicate
