Calomyscus bailwardi

Geographic Range

Calomyscus bailwardi is found in the Paleartic regions of Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Caucasus, and southern Russia.

• Biogeographic Regions
• palearctic palearctic
  • native native

Habitat

Calomyscus bailwardi favors mountain steppe regions between 400 and 3,500 meters, and is typically absent from low valleys. It is commonly found in forests at intermediate latitudes under evergreens as well as on barren hills. It favors crevices between stone walls and embankments in small fields and terraced cultivation. In these crevices nests made of woven grass, wool, and other various soft materials have been found.

• Habitat Regions
• temperate temperate
• terrestrial terrestrial

• Terrestrial Biomes
• forest forest
• mountains mountains

• Other Habitat Features
• agricultural agricultural

Physical Description

Mouselike hamsters were once grouped with the New World Peromyscus , due to their appearance, though they are now grouped with the Old World hamsters. The single morphological feature that distinguishes Calomyscus from Peromyscus is that the genus Calomyscus has four-rooted molar teeth.

Mouselike hamsters have a jaw in which the angular process on the mandible is in line with the rest of the jaw. This sciurognathous jaw is characteristic of the family Muridae . The zygomatic plate is broad and tilted upward. The infraorbital foramen is relatively large and is in the shape of a V, wider dorsally than ventrally. The large size of the infraorbital foramen allows a slip of the masseter muscle to pass through it. The auditory bullae are large and the pterygoid extends to the bullae. The dental formula is 1/1 0/0 0/0 3/3 = 16. The upper incisors have a smooth anterior surface and are covered in yellowish-brown enamel. All of the cheek teeth lack closed ridges of dentine and show only traces of cusps.

Mouselike hamsters weigh only 15 to 30 grams, on average weighing 20.4 g. There is no sexual dimorphism. Females have six mammae. Their bodies measure 61 to 98 mm, while their tails add an additional 72 to 102 mm, making the tail longer than both the head and body. The vibrissae are up to 21 mm long. The ears are very round and 17 to 20 mm long. The ears are devoid of hair and are pinkish-grey to slate gray in color. Their fur is very soft, fine, plumbeous at the base, and long, and ranges from a light pink-brown to a gray-brown color on the upper part of the body, and their underside, hands, and feet are white. The dividing line between the back and the belly is very well defined. There is no white patch behind the ear or eye, as in some other members of the Muridae . The tail is covered with short brown hairs and ends with a small tassel of hair. Calomyscus bailwardi lacks cheek pouches. The muzzle is sharp and pointed. The hind leg is elongated in comparison to the forelimb. The hindfeet have five digits each, and the forefeet each have five digits with a vestigial clawless thumb. The claws are delicate and small.

• Other Physical Features
• endothermic endothermic
• homoiothermic
• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry

• Sexual Dimorphism
• sexes alike

Reproduction

Not much is known of the mating systems of mouselike hamsters. They are not thought to be highly social mammals, though they have occasionally been known to share shelter sites in the wild, and they huddle together in captivity.

The breeding season of C. bailwardi is long, with the peak breeding time ranging from late March to early June. However, the breeding period can vary regionally, depending on food availability. Females have been known to produce up to two litters during this time span. Each litter produces 1 to 5 young. The sex ratio in newborns is equal. Young are weaned no earlier than 4 weeks. Female C. bailwardi have 6 mammae to feed their young.

The highest recorded number of births to a single female was recorded in captivity as 15 litters in 2.25 years, with a total of 41 young produced. In the wild, the typical female is sexually and reproductively active until the 3rd year of life.

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous iteroparous
• seasonal breeding seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual sexual
• fertilization fertilization
• viviparous viviparous

The young of C. bailwardi are hairless and are helpless for the first 13 days of their lives, until they can open their eyes for the first time. Around this same time, gray fur can be seen, though the young will not have the same coloring or size as adults until they are 4 to 8 months old. This is a relatively long period of growth and development for members of the family Muridae .

Young achieve a doubling in weight by the 8th day. Weaning occurs no earlier than the 4th week of life, and growth typically finishes around the 4th month of life when the mouselike hamster reaches an eight- to ninefold body weight in comparison to the birthweight, though growth can continue for up to 8 months.

In one instance, cannibalism was observed. A captive female C. bailwardi ate its young.

• Parental Investment
• altricial altricial
• female parental care female parental care
• pre-hatching/birth
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-weaning/fledging
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-independence
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female
• post-independence association with parents

Lifespan/Longevity

Captive C. bailwardi typically live for around 4 years. The longest recorded life of C. bailwardi is 9 years, 3 months, and 18 days, which occurred in captivity. The only studies done on C. bailwardi have been in captivity, so the lifespan in the wild is not known.

Behavior

Mouselike hamsters are not highly social mammals, though they can sometimes be found sharing shelters in the wild and huddling together in captivity.

They are very agile and are able to jump amongst the tumbled boulders that typically constitute their home. They are also very good climbers. They are nervous in disposition, and timid.

They are nocturnal during the summer, though they become active by day as well during the autumn and winter, extending the hours of activity into the dusk and dawn hours. As far as it is currently known, mouselike hamsters do not hibernate, and they remain active throughout the entire year.

• Key Behaviors
• terricolous
• diurnal diurnal
• nocturnal nocturnal
• crepuscular crepuscular
• motile motile
• solitary solitary

Communication and Perception

No information is available on communication or perception channels of C. bailwardi .

• Perception Channels
• visual visual
• tactile tactile
• acoustic acoustic
• chemical chemical

Food Habits

Mouselike hamsters are partly granivorous as well as herbivorous, eating seeds, grasses, flowers, and leaves. Like many other members of Muridae , C. bailwardi brings back food to its home, though it cannot carry large quantities due to its lack of cheek pouches. It conceals the caches of food under stones in its burrow. These caches are most likely utilized during the winter months when the climate is harsh. Captive mouselike hamsters ate chopped vegetables and millet seeds, and they drank water, which is rarely available to them in the wild.

• Primary Diet
• herbivore herbivore
  • folivore folivore
  • granivore granivore

• Plant Foods
• leaves
• seeds, grains, and nuts
• flowers

• Foraging Behavior
• stores or caches food stores or caches food

Predation

The small size and lack of defenses allows mouselike hamsters to be very susceptible to predation. The most common predators of mouselike hamsters are owls , martens , polecats , and snakes .

Ecosystem Roles

Mouselike hamsters are part of the food chain and are preyed on by local wildlife, depending on the region in which they are being observed.

Cases have been documented in which mouselike hamsters were found living in the burrows of Meriones persicus . Since C. bailwardi is not a good burrower, it is thought that they moved into burrows that were already vacated.

Mouselike hamsters are seed predators and dispersers. If they do not consume all of the seeds that they store for use during the winter, the seeds can sprout the following spring.

• Ecosystem Impact
• disperses seeds

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Mouselike hamsters have been used in Russia for various tests in labs and are sold as pets in many pet stores. They also have been imported by the United Kingdom for exhibits in zoos.

• Positive Impacts
• pet trade pet trade
• research and education

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

In areas where mouselike hamsters are abundant, they may behave as agricultural pests and harbor diseases to which humans are susceptible.

• Negative Impacts
• injures humans
  • carries human disease
• crop pest

Conservation Status

There is very little information on the status of C. bailwardi .

Other Comments

During a study in which three populations of C. bailwardi were observed, considerable differences were noticed between the populations. New subspecies of C. bailwardi have thus been proposed, those being C. b. tsolovi and C. b. mustersi . These subspecies are thought to be synonymous with C. grandis . The subspecies C. b. elburzensis and C. b. mystax are regarded to be synonymous with C. hotsony .

The IUCN website lists the species of C. bailwardi as four different species, C. hotsoni , C. mystax , C. tsolovi , and C. urartensis .

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

Contributors

Matthew Wund (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.

Tracie Goodness (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Phil Myers (editor, instructor), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.

References

Acorn Web, 2000. "About Hamsters; Calomyscus bailwardi" (On-line). Accessed February 24, 2004 at http://www.petwebsite.com/mouse.htm .

Ahmad, M., S. Ghalib. 1975. A checklist of mammals of Pakistan. Records Zoological Survey of Pakistan , 7 (1-2): 1-34.

De Roguin, L. 1988. Notes on mammals from Iranian Baluchistan. Revue Suisse de Zoologie , 95(2): 596-606.

Grzimek, B. 2004. Species Accounts; Mouse-like hamster. Pp. 288 in Calomyscus bailwardi , Vol. 16, 2 Edition. Detroit: Gale.

Lawlor, T. 1979. Handbook to the Orders and Families of Living Mammals . Eureka, California: Mad River Press.

Morshed, S., J. Patton. 2002. New records of mammals from Iran with systematic comments on hedgehogs (Erinaceidae) and mouse-like hamsters (Calomyscus, Muridae). Zoology in the Middle East , 26: 49-58.

Peshev, D. 1991. On the systematic position of the mouse-like hamster Calomyscus bailwardi Thomas, 1905 (Cricetidae, Rodentia) from the near-east and middle Asia. Mammalia , 55: 107-112.

Peshev, D. 1989. The mouse-like hamster Calomyscus bailwardi new record thomas 1905 a new mammal for the Syrian fauna and the Arab Penninsula. Mammalia , 53(1): 109-112.

Roberts, T. 1997. The Mammals of Pakistan . Karachi ; New York: Oxford University Press.

Schlitter, D., H. Setzer. 1973. New rodents (Mammalia: Cricetidae, Muridae) from Iran and Pakistan. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington , 86(14): 163-173.

Volf, J., P. Volf. 2003. The Mouselike Hamster (Calomyscus bailwardi Thomas, 1905) and his breeding in captivity. Zoologische Garten , 73(3): 147-157.

1991. Walker's Mammals of the World . Baltimore, USA and London, England: John Hopkins University Press.

2000. "IUCN Red List" (On-line). Accessed February 24, 2004 at http://www.redlist.org .