Amazona vittata

Geographic Range

Puerto Rican amazons ( Amazona vittata ) are found in the West Indies on the Greater Antilles island of Puerto Rico, found in the northeastern Caribbean Sea, east of Hispaniola and west of the Virgin Islands.

• Biogeographic Regions
• neotropical neotropical
  • native native

• Other Geographic Terms
• island endemic island endemic

Habitat

Puerto Rican amazons were once found in the forests of Isabella, Quebradillas, Utaudo and Arecibo and mangrove areas in Puerto Rico. They are now found in the northern area of the island, along Route 191 in the Luquillo Forest. They can be found at elevations of 300 to 600 m above sea level. The Tabonuco forests were once an important breeding and feeding ground but due to logging much of the habitat has been lost. These birds nest in the Palo Colorado zone and forage in the Dwarf forest region of El Yunque.

• Habitat Regions
• tropical tropical
• terrestrial terrestrial

• Terrestrial Biomes
• forest forest
• rainforest rainforest

Physical Description

Puerto Rican amazons have green feathers that cover the majority of their body with a red fore crown between the beak and eyes and two-toned blue primaries. They have a white eye-ring with no feathers. Almost all of the feathers have black tips, giving these birds a scaly look. They have pink or flesh-colored legs and beaks and are approximately 30 cm in length. There is no sexual dimorphism and juveniles resemble adults.

• Other Physical Features
• endothermic endothermic
• homoiothermic
• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry

• Sexual Dimorphism
• sexes alike

Reproduction

Puerto Rican amazons are monogamous and breed with the same partner for life, only changing if their partner dies. If a female is injured, a male may abandon the female and choose a healthier female to mate with. Though the basis of mate choice is not known, it has been observed that pairs tend to participate in mutual dances consisting of coordinated bows, partial extension of the wings, and full tail expansion.

• Mating System
• monogamous monogamous

Puerto Rican amazons breed from late February to early June in large, deep tree-cavities caused by decay, or in small-cliff side cavities. More recently they have bred in artificial cavities made of wooden boxes. The nest location varies from 7 to 15 meters above ground. The female lays 2 to 4 white eggs and incubates the eggs for about 24 to 28 days.

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous iteroparous
• seasonal breeding seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual sexual
• fertilization fertilization
• oviparous oviparous

Female Puerto Rican amazons perform the majority of rearing in the chicks' early stages, while males rarely enter the nest. As rearing progresses, females spend less time rearing the chicks and males enter the nest with greater frequency, increasing their attentiveness to the chicks. Chicks remain with the parents for some time after fledging. The young learn important life skills from the parents at this time.

• Parental Investment
• altricial altricial
• male parental care male parental care
• female parental care female parental care
• pre-fertilization
  • provisioning
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-hatching/birth
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-weaning/fledging
  • provisioning
    • male
    • female
  • protecting
    • male
    • female
• pre-independence
  • provisioning
    • male
    • female
  • protecting
    • male
    • female
• post-independence association with parents
• extended period of juvenile learning

Lifespan/Longevity

No data on lifespan was found, but closely related Cuban amazons ( Amazon leucocephala ) may live for up to 50 years.

Behavior

Like most parrots, Puerto Rican amazons are diurnal. They are usually found foraging in the trees for most of the day. These birds fly in flocks, but are usually sedentary in their nest during the breeding season, using their green plumage to hide and be secretive.

• Key Behaviors
• arboreal arboreal
• flies
• diurnal diurnal
• motile motile
• sedentary sedentary
• social social

Home Range

Juvenile Puerto Rican amazons have an average home range of 22 +/- 12 ha. This increases to an average of 1243 ha after joining an adult flock.

Communication and Perception

Puerto Rican amazons are very vocal and produce a wide variety of squawks. In flight they make a distinct bugling call. Like many Amazona parrots, they can even learn to speak human words. Puerto Rican amazons perceive their environment through visual, tactile, auditory, and chemical stimuli.

• Communication Channels
• acoustic acoustic

• Other Communication Modes
• mimicry mimicry

• Perception Channels
• visual visual
• tactile tactile
• acoustic acoustic
• chemical chemical

Food Habits

Puerto Rican amazons are herbivores and feed on small fruits, seeds, leaves, flowers and bark, mainly of kudzu ( Pueraria montana ). Puerto Rican amazons usually search for food in pairs. They have also been known to feed on corn crops, a food source that only recently became available to them through agricultural changes in the past century.

• Primary Diet
• herbivore herbivore
  • frugivore frugivore
  • granivore granivore

• Plant Foods
• leaves
• wood, bark, or stems
• seeds, grains, and nuts
• fruit
• flowers

Predation

Puerto Rican amazons have many predators. The introduction of brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) and roof rats ( Rattus rattus ) has decimated the population. Pearly-eyed thrashers ( Margarops fuscatus ) prey on unattended eggs and chicks. Warble fly larvae ( Hypoderma species) infest the nest, killing the chicks. They are also prey to red-tail hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ). Before being protected by listing as an endangered species, the biggest threat to the parrots were humans. People captured them for food and farmers would kill these slow moving birds to protect their corn crops.

• Anti-predator Adaptations
• cryptic cryptic

Ecosystem Roles

The large home range and high mobility of Puerto Rican amazons likely make them an important seed disperser.

• Ecosystem Impact
• disperses seeds

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Conservation efforts to help Puerto Rican amazons recover has helped researchers learn more about how ecosystem and animal behaviors work. Resource managers in the Lesser Antilles have used successful techniques developed on the Puerto Rican amazons to help improve other local endangered parrot populations. These endangered parrots also attract avid birders to the area.

• Positive Impacts
• research and education

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

It was thought that Puerto Rican amazons would destroy the corn industry in Puerto Rico. As a result of this fear, farmers killed hundred of birds. Population numbers were later assessed to be too small to impact the industry.

• Negative Impacts
• crop pest

Conservation Status

Puerto Rican amazons are classified as critically endangered by the IUCN Red List, with only about 50 birds in the wild today. They are endemic to the island of Puerto Rico and are restricted to a small northern area of the island. Due to deforestation of habitat, predation, and over-hunting the population at one point was as low as 13 wild birds, with the species completely vanishing from Vieques and Mona Island. The IUCN once considered it the most endangered bird species. A captive breeding and release program continues to increase the population. Following the release of 40 individuals into the wild from captivity between 2004 and 2007, two new natural nesting groups have been recorded since 2008.

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

Contributors

John Burgos (author), Florida State University, Emily DuVal (editor), Florida State University, Rachelle Sterling (editor), Special Projects.

References

Benstead, P., J. Bird, S. Butchart, I. Isherwood, A. Syme, H. Temple, D. Wege. 2009. "Species factsheet: Amazona vittata" (On-line). BirdLife International. Accessed January 17, 2010 at http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1666&m=0 .

Biaggi, V. 1970. Las Aves de Puerto Rico . Universida de Puerto Rico: Editorial Universitaria.

Christian, C., T. Lacher Jr, M. Zamore, T. Potts, G. Burnett. 1996. Parrot conservation in the Lesser Antilles with some comparison to the Puerto Rican efforts. Biological Conservation , 77: 159–167.

Del Hoyo, J., A. Elloit, J. Sangatal. 1997. Puerto Rican Amazon. Pp. 468 in Handbook of the Birds of the World. , Vol. 4, Sandgrouse to Cuckoos Edition. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.

Lindsay, G., W. Arendt, J. Kalina, G. Pendleton. 1991. Home Range and Movement of Juvenile Puerto Rican Parrot. The Journal of Wildlife Management , 55: 318-322.

Raffaele, H. 1989. A guide to the Birds of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands . Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

Snyder, N., J. Wiley, C. Kepler. 1987. The Parrots of Luquillo: Natural History and Conservation of the Puerto Rican Parrot . Los Angeles: Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology.

Wilson, K., R. Field, M. Wilson. 1995. Successful nesting behavior of Puerto Rican Parrots. Wilson Bulletin , 107: 518–529.

2009. "Amazona vittata" (On-line). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species(tm). Accessed February 01, 2010 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/142694/0 .