Callithrix argentata (silvery marmoset) | INFORMATION

Scientific Classification

Rank	Scientific Name
Kingdom	Animalia animals
Phylum	Chordata chordates
Subphylum	Vertebrata vertebrates
Class	Mammalia mammals
Order	Primates primates
Family	Cebidae marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, and squirrel monkeys
Genus	Callithrix short-tusked marmosets, titis, and true marmosets
Species	Callithrix argentata silvery marmoset

By Rhonda Garza

Geographic Range

Silvery marmosets, Callithrix argentata , are found south and east of the Amazon River in eastern Brazil. Silvery marmosets are isolated from other marmosets, except south of the Amazon delta where they co-occur with common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus . (Preston-Mafham 1992)

Biogeographic Regions
neotropical
- native

Habitat

Within the tropical rain forest silvery marmosets take advantage of tree hollows, dense vegetation, and vine tangles for sleeping sites.

(Rowe 1996)

Terrestrial Biomes
rainforest

Physical Description

About the size of a squirrel, silvery marmosets are one of the smallest New World monkeys. Head and body length averages 21.59 cm and tail length averages 29.21 cm. Silvery marmosets vary in color from silvery white to dark brown. Dark brown marmosets have hairless ears and faces and are sometimes referred to as bare-ear marmosets. Because of their dark tails, silvery marmosets are also referred to as black-tailed monkeys. A unique feature of the silvery marmoset is that their jaw narrows to a sharp point. This pointed jaw, along with short canine teeth, are believed to be an adaption for their unique feeding habit. While other New World monkeys posess nails on all of their toes, marmosets have claws on all of their toes except the big toe. (Preston-Mafham 1992; Napier 1985)

Other Physical Features
endothermic
bilateral symmetry

Reproduction

Females usually give birth to twins twice a year after a gestation time of 145 days. Ten to twenty days after giving birth females ovulate, at the same time they are nursing current young. Subordinate females within the family group are prevented from ovulating by exposure to pheromones released by dominant females.(Napier 1985)

Key Reproductive Features
iteroparous
gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
sexual
viviparous

Breeding interval: Silvery marmosets breed twice a year.
Average number of offspring: 2
Average number of offspring: 2
AnAge
Average gestation period: 145 days
Average gestation period: 144 days
AnAge
Average weaning age: 6 months
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female) Sex: female: 304 days
AnAge
Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male) Sex: male: 334 days
AnAge

Silvery marmosets live in extended families of about twelve where all the members help care for the young. Silvery marmoset fathers carry their infants and return them to the mother to be fed every two to three hours. Infants are weaned from their mother's milk at about six months and are considered adults at one to two years old.

Parental Investment
pre-fertilization
- provisioning
- protecting
  - female
pre-hatching/birth
- provisioning
  - female
- protecting
  - female
pre-weaning/fledging
- provisioning
  - female
- protecting
  - male

Lifespan/Longevity

Behavior

Silvery marmosets are arboreal and diurnal. Their long, curved claws enable them to climb trees and escape predators. Both males and females engage in scent marking to claim territories and communicate with others. They also communicate vocally when excited, alarmed, or at play.

When confronted with a possible threat, silvery marmosets will lower their eyebrows and smack their lips.

(Swindler 1998; Rowe 1996)

Communication and Perception

Perception Channels
tactile
chemical

Food Habits

Silvery marmosets are gumivores, their diet consists mainly of the sap and gum of trees. With canines and incisors of equal length they are able to gouge holes in trees and lap up the exudate. They supplement their diet with fruit, insects, and leaves. (Swindler 1998)

Primary Diet
herbivore
- eats sap or other plant foods

Animal Foods
insects

Plant Foods
leaves
fruit
sap or other plant fluids

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Because of their small size and mild disposition marmosets are used regularly in medical research. Studying the fertilization, placental development, and embryonic stem cells of marmosets may reveal causes of developmental problems and genetic disorders in humans. (WRPRC, 1997)

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

By feeding on newly planted crops that replace rain forests silvery marmosets have become pests. As a result humans in these areas carry out active extermination campaigns.

(Preston-Mafham 1992)

Conservation Status

The destruction of forests has resulted in the endangerment of many rainforest animals, including many monkey species. However, silvery marmosets have been able to survive by taking advantage of human food crops and living in secondary forest habitats. It remains to be seen whether this trend continues.

(Preston-Mafham 1992)

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

Contributors

Rhonda Garza (author), Fresno City College, Carl Johansson (editor), Fresno City College.

Neotropical

living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Central and South America.

World Map

native range: the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.

rainforest: rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.

iteroparous: offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).

sexual: reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female

viviparous: reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.

arboreal: Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing.

diurnal

active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.

motile: having the capacity to move from one place to another.

territorial: defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement

social: associates with others of its species; forms social groups.

dominance hierarchies: ranking system or pecking order among members of a long-term social group, where dominance status affects access to resources or mates

herbivore: An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.

endothermic: animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.

bilateral symmetry: having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.

tactile: uses touch to communicate

chemical: uses smells or other chemicals to communicate

References

Napier, J., P. Napier. 1985. The Natural History of the Primates . Cambdridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.

Preston-Mafham, R. 1992. Primates of the World . London, UK: Blandford Publishing.

Rowe, N. 1996. The Pictorial Guide to Living Primates . East Hampton, New York: Pogonias Press.

Swindler, D. 1998. Introduction to the Primates . Seattle, Washington: University of Washington Press.

1997. "Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center”" (On-line). Accessed November 6, 2000 at http://www.primate.wisc.edu/WRPRC/Centerline/spring97/Cenmar.html .