Animal Diversity Web

Ge­o­graphic Range

Cimex pi­losel­lus is found in North Amer­ica, most com­monly across the north­ern United States and Canada. Cimex pi­losel­lus may be found both in urban and campes­tral set­tings fol­low­ing their bat hosts and oc­ca­sion­ally spread­ing to hu­mans. It has two com­mon names: bat­bugs and bed­bugs. They are often called bat­bugs be­cause they are found al­most ex­clu­sively on bats in North Amer­ica. How­ever, all Cimi­ci­dae have very sim­i­lar mor­pholo­gies, and on the oc­ca­sion that Cimex pi­losel­lus in­fests a human res­i­dence, it will often be con­fused for com­mon bed­bugs. (Doo­ley, et al., 1976; Ford and Stokes, 2006)

• Biogeographic Regions
• nearctic
  • native

Habi­tat

Adult Cimex pi­losel­lus are ni­dicu­lous par­a­sites of bats. As their mor­phol­ogy is poorly adapted for hold­ing on to their com­mon hosts while they are in flight, they live pri­mar­ily in bat roosts. For this rea­son the fe­males of the bat host species are gen­er­ally more in­fested, as they must spend more time in the roosts to rear young. Lar­val nymphs are de­posited in the roosts to lo­cate and feed for them­selves.

Bats are gen­er­ally more ac­tive at higher tem­per­a­tures, lead­ing to fre­quently empty roosts and a lack of food for Cimex pi­losel­lus. Dur­ing pe­ri­ods of in­creased tem­per­a­ture, Cimex pi­losel­lus are more likely to leave the bat roosts and at­tempt to in­fest a human habi­tat, as a re­sult of the in­creased ab­sence of their reg­u­lar bat hosts. They may then at­tempt to in­fest any num­ber of mam­mal roosts, the most fa­mil­iar being a human home. When Cimex pi­losel­lus finds its way into a human home, it be­haves as other Cimi­ci­dae do: liv­ing in dark cracks and crevices, usu­ally wait­ing until night­fall to come and feed on sleep­ing peo­ple. ("Just the Facts...​Bed Bugs", 2005; Chilton, et al., 2000; Valdez, et al., 2009; Web­ster and Whitaker, 2005; Wil­son and Gal­loway, 2002)

• Habitat Regions
• temperate
• terrestrial

• Terrestrial Biomes
• forest

• Other Habitat Features
• urban
• suburban
• caves

Phys­i­cal De­scrip­tion

Cimex pi­losel­lus begin as eggs and un­dergo hemimetabolous in­de­ter­mi­nate trans­for­ma­tion through ap­prox­i­mately 5 nymphal stages prior to the molt to adult­hood. Nymphs re­sem­ble adults in mor­phol­ogy, ex­clud­ing the pres­ence of gen­i­talia.

Adult Cimex pi­losel­lus are oval in shape, 4 to 5 mm in length, and like most Cimex species, are red or ma­hogany in color. They are wing­less and have 6 legs, and after a blood meal they be­come swollen and darker in color. Dis­tin­guish­ing fea­tures of Cimex pi­losel­lus from other species in the Cimex genus in­clude longer hair, the sec­ond and third an­ten­nal seg­ments are equal in length, and the inner mar­gin of the heme­ly­tra is straight and longer than the scutel­lum. There is slight sex­ual di­mor­phism in Cimex pi­losel­lus as fe­males are gen­er­ally larger than males. ("Just the Facts...​Bed Bugs", 2005; Corn­stock, 1949)

• Other Physical Features
• ectothermic
• heterothermic
• bilateral symmetry

• Sexual Dimorphism
• female larger

• Range length

  4 to 5 mm

  0.16 to 0.20 in

• Average length

  5 mm

  0.20 in

De­vel­op­ment

Cimex pi­losel­lus be­gins life as an egg, and once it hatches the nymph looks very sim­i­lar to the adult ex­cept that nymphs are smaller, translu­cent, and lack­ing gen­i­talia. Mem­bers of the bed­bug fam­ily Cimi­ci­dae ex­hibit hemimetabolous in­de­ter­mi­nate de­vel­op­ment, molt­ing up to five times be­fore reach­ing the adult stage, with each molt re­quir­ing a blood meal. Fe­males are larger than males, and re­quire a larger blood meal by the fifth in­star. Each in­star stage lasts from 3 to 5 days. The en­tire life cycle gen­er­ally is con­tained on the bat roost on which a nymph hatches. Oc­ca­sion­ally an in­di­vid­ual in any stage of de­vel­op­ment may be car­ried off while still feed­ing on the bat to an­other roost, al­low­ing for dis­per­sal of the par­a­site. ("Just the Facts...​Bed Bugs", 2005; How and Lee, 2010; Rein­hardt and Siva-Jothy, 2007)

• Development - Life Cycle
• metamorphosis

Re­pro­duc­tion

Lit­tle is known about the mat­ing sys­tems of Cimex pi­losel­lus. The species is con­sid­ered polyg­y­nan­drous and there is no ev­i­dence sug­gest­ing that there is any sex­ual se­lec­tion or courtship rit­u­als. (Rein­hardt, et al., 2003; Richard­son, et al., 2003)

• Mating System
• polygynandrous (promiscuous)

The mat­ing be­hav­ior of Cimex pi­losel­lus has been very sparsely stud­ied. The closely re­lated com­mon bed­bugs have been stud­ied in great de­tail and, with such sim­i­lar mor­phol­ogy to C. pi­losel­lus, their mat­ing be­hav­ior may be sim­i­lar. Cimi­ci­dae males have been known to mount any­thing which moves and is ap­prox­i­mately the ex­pected size of an­other Cimi­ci­dae. If the mounted or­gan­ism is a fe­male Cimi­ci­dae, the male will begin at­tempt­ing to trau­mat­i­cally in­sem­i­nate her. It is un­clear as to how the males dis­tin­guish, but chem­i­cal and be­hav­ioral sig­nals are be­lieved to be in­volved.

Cimex pi­losel­lus, like all mem­bers of the bed­bug fam­ily Cimi­ci­dae, prac­tice a very un­ortho­dox method of re­pro­duc­tion termed trau­matic in­sem­i­na­tion, where the male pierces the ab­dom­i­nal in­tegu­ment and in­jects the sperm di­rectly into the wound. To coun­ter­act the harm­ful mat­ing rit­ual, fe­males have a unique organ called the spermalege. The spermalege serves to di­rect and store the sperm away from the he­mo­coel (the space be­tween or­gans), as sperm in the he­mo­coel is gen­er­ally fatal. The spermalege is be­lieved to also aid in de­fense against pathogens re­sult­ing from the re­pro­duc­tive wound.

Feed­ing is a re­quired pre­req­ui­site for mat­ing, as males greatly pre­fer to mate with a fe­male who has ei­ther just fed or is in the process. Reg­u­lar feed­ing is nec­es­sary for egg pro­duc­tion, and a fe­male may un­dergo as many as five trau­matic in­sem­i­na­tions from dif­fer­ent males per feed­ing. Males do not use the gen­i­tal tract for in­sem­i­na­tion. Mat­ing for fe­males re­sults in a 30% de­crease in lifes­pan.

Fe­males can store sperm for up to 50 days after in­sem­i­na­tion, and as long as they have reg­u­lar blood meals to re­plen­ish nu­tri­ents nec­es­sary for egg de­vel­op­ment, fe­males con­tinue lay­ing eggs using their sperm re­serves. Fe­males may lay up to 5 eggs per day. On av­er­age fe­males re­quire 2 to 3 days to de­velop and de­posit eggs, and 5 to 7 days for the eggs to hatch. After hatch­ing, each nymph re­quires 3 to 5 days to molt and de­velop into the next stage until they reach adult­hood. The en­tire meta­mor­pho­sis may take 30 to 200 days. Cimex pi­losel­lus are re­pro­duc­tively ma­ture im­me­di­ately after molt­ing into the adult phase. ("Just the Facts...​Bed Bugs", 2005; How and Lee, 2010; Rein­hardt and Siva-Jothy, 2007)

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous
• year-round breeding
• sexual
• fertilization
  • internal
• oviparous
• sperm-storing

• Breeding interval

  Female batbugs can lay 5 eggs per day for up to 50 days following mating.

• Breeding season

  Batbugs breed year-round.

• Average eggs per season

  5 per day

• Range gestation period

  5 to 7 days

• Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)

  30 to 200 days

• Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)

  30 to 200 days

Like all stud­ied Cimi­ci­dae, Cimex pi­losel­lus ex­hibits no parental in­volve­ment with the young after lay­ing of the eggs. The males typ­i­cally will leave the fe­male after mat­ing in search of an­other blood meal or an­other fe­male, and the final in­ter­ac­tion the fe­male has with her prog­eny is con­trol over when to lay the eggs. (Rein­hardt and Siva-Jothy, 2007)

• Parental Investment
• no parental involvement

Lifes­pan/Longevity

Lifes­pans of Cimex pi­losel­lus have not been stud­ied in de­tail, but longevity of closely re­lated Cimex hemipterus has been stud­ied, which may give in­sight to the lifes­pan of Cimex pi­losel­lus. Wild adults have been found to live for ap­prox­i­mately 7 months. Lifes­pan of Cimi­ci­dae in cap­tiv­ity has been found to de­pend more on whether or not the fe­males mate in their life­time, with an av­er­age de­crease in longevity of 30% for mated fe­males. (How and Lee, 2010; Rein­hardt and Siva-Jothy, 2007)

• Average lifespan
  Status: wild

  7 months

• Average lifespan
  Status: captivity

  7 months

Be­hav­ior

Cimex pi­losel­lus is the most com­mon Cimi­ci­dae ni­dicu­lous par­a­site of bats across North Amer­ica. They usu­ally live in the roosts of bats, wait­ing for their hosts to re­turn home to feed. Cimex pi­losel­lus prefers to feed when the host is rest­ing or has min­i­mal ac­tiv­ity. Feed­ing gen­er­ally takes 3 to 15 min­utes and when not feed­ing the par­a­site stays hid­den or looks for mates. Eggs are laid in­side the nest and the nymphs must find hosts them­selves for sus­te­nance.

Cimex pi­losel­lus has the po­ten­tial to be­come a par­a­site of hu­mans, fill­ing the niche of other, more com­mon species of Cimi­ci­dae. If their bat hosts do not re­turn to the roosts for too long and the par­a­site has the op­por­tu­nity to move into a human dwelling, it may choose to re­lo­cate into nearby house­holds. In this in­stance C. pi­losel­lus adopts com­mon bed­bug be­hav­ior, liv­ing in the folds of mat­tresses and blan­kets, or in dark cracks in the walls ven­tur­ing out at night to feed on sleep­ing peo­ple to con­tinue its life cycle. (How and Lee, 2010; Rein­hardt and Siva-Jothy, 2007; Rein­hardt, et al., 2003)

• Key Behaviors
• nocturnal
• parasite
• motile
• sedentary

Home Range

The exact home range of Cimex pi­losel­lus is un­known, how­ever most in­di­vid­u­als spend their en­tire lives within the same bat roost in which they hatched as nymphs.

Com­mu­ni­ca­tion and Per­cep­tion

Cimex pi­losel­lus, along with all other Cimi­ci­dae, have a tho­rax cov­ered in sen­sory hairs. They also have com­pound eyes and long an­ten­nae on their head to per­ceive their en­vi­ron­ments.

While the mech­a­nisms of com­mu­ni­ca­tion have not been well stud­ied for Cimex pi­losel­lus specif­i­cally, it is be­lieved that along with being mor­pho­log­i­cally sim­i­lar, all mem­bers of the Cim­i­dae fam­ily use sim­i­lar meth­ods of com­mu­ni­ca­tion. Specif­i­cally, mech­a­nisms of re­ac­tion to heat, car­bon diox­ide, and as­sorted other pheromones have been tested in Cimex lec­tu­lar­ius. Tested Cimex lec­tu­lar­ius in­di­vid­u­als dis­play an at­trac­tion to in­creased tem­per­a­ture, pref­er­ence to higher con­cen­tra­tions of car­bon diox­ide, and var­i­ous re­sponses to chem­i­cals se­creted by other Cimi­ci­dae. (Ford and Stokes, 2006; Sil­jan­der, 2006)

• Communication Channels
• visual
• tactile
• chemical

• Other Communication Modes
• pheromones

• Perception Channels
• visual
• tactile
• chemical

Food Habits

Cimex pi­losel­lus is a ni­dicu­lous par­a­site which feeds on the blood of mam­mals, most com­monly bats, dur­ing all stages of its de­vel­op­ment ex­cept while in­side the egg. They gen­er­ally prey on their hosts dur­ing times of host in­ac­tiv­ity, and need to eat ap­prox­i­mately once every ten days. Each in­star needs at least one blood meal be­fore molt­ing and de­vel­op­ing into the next stage. (Chilton, et al., 2000; Rein­hardt and Siva-Jothy, 2007; Sil­jan­der, 2006)

• Primary Diet
• carnivore
  • sanguivore

• Animal Foods
• blood

Pre­da­tion

Known preda­tors of Cimex pi­losel­lus in­clude spi­ders, pseu­doscor­pi­ons and ants.

The use of alarm pheromones by Cimi­ci­dae have been well doc­u­mented, which are used to warn other Cimi­ci­dae of dan­gers such as preda­tors, ant at­tacks, or in­jury. These pheromones il­licit an avoid­ance re­sponse di­rectly pro­por­tional to the con­cen­tra­tion pro­duced. (Rein­hardt and Siva-Jothy, 2007)

• Known Predators

  • spiders (Araneae)
  • pseudoscorpions (Pseudoscorpionida)
  • ants (Formicidae)

Ecosys­tem Roles

Cimex pi­losel­lus has no def­i­nite ecosys­tem role aside from par­a­sitiz­ing its com­mon bat hosts. There is no doc­u­men­ta­tion of Cimex pi­losel­lus serv­ing as a vec­tor for any dis­ease or even caus­ing mor­tal­ity in its bat hosts. The only known ef­fect of Cimex pi­losel­lus on a host is that when pop­u­la­tion num­bers are too high, en­tire bat colonies may aban­don an in­fested roost in search of an­other. Cimex pi­losel­lus pref­er­en­tially par­a­sitizes bats, and on the rare oc­ca­sion they have been found on other hosts, hu­mans in­cluded, there was no in­di­ca­tion that they were any­thing other than a nui­sance.

Cimex pi­losel­lus is host to sev­eral known par­a­sites in­clud­ing fungi, bac­te­ria, and mites. (Chilton, et al., 2000; Main, 1979; Pearce and O'Shea, 2007; Valdez, et al., 2009; Web­ster and Whitaker, 2005; Wil­son and Gal­loway, 2002)

• Ecosystem Impact
• parasite

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Pos­i­tive

Cimex pi­losel­lus has no eco­nomic ben­e­fit to hu­mans. ("Just the Facts...​Bed Bugs", 2005)

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Neg­a­tive

Cimex pi­losel­lus is an un­com­mon house­hold pest. In a rare case of house­hold in­fes­ta­tion, there is an eco­nomic cost to erad­i­cate the pop­u­la­tion. (Corn­stock, 1949)

• Negative Impacts
• injures humans
  • bites or stings

Con­ser­va­tion Sta­tus

Cimex pi­losel­lus has not been thor­oughly stud­ied and cur­rently has no con­ser­va­tion sta­tus. As pro­lific breed­ers, their pop­u­la­tions are likely large and they are eas­ily spread to new habi­tats by using their highly mo­bile hosts.

• IUCN Red List

  Not Evaluated

• US Federal List

  No special status

• CITES

  No special status

Con­trib­u­tors

Alek­sey Mishulin (au­thor), Uni­ver­sity of Michi­gan-Ann Arbor, Heidi Liere (ed­i­tor), Uni­ver­sity of Michi­gan-Ann Arbor, John Marino (ed­i­tor), Uni­ver­sity of Michi­gan-Ann Arbor, Barry OCon­nor (ed­i­tor), Uni­ver­sity of Michi­gan-Ann Arbor, Rachelle Ster­ling (ed­i­tor), Spe­cial Pro­jects.

Ref­er­ences

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