Geographic Range
Forest hogs are found in Africa, mainly in the equatorial forests and grasslands west,
west of the Rift Valley. There are a few scattered small populations northeast of
Lake Victoria, and several scattered larger populations from Nigeria to Senegal. There
are three recognized subspecies, each with distinct ranges. The forest hog
H. m. ivoriensis
inhabits the area near the Ivory Coast,
H. m. rimator
lives in two areas near the west and central equatorial zone and coexists in the
east equatorial zone with
H. m. mienertzhagheni
, the "true" giant forest hog. A potential fourth subspecies exists to the north of
H. m. mienertzhagheni
.
Habitat
The giant forest hog prefers the dense shade of thickets and bushes. This suid ranges
through a variety of forest types, including dry forests; humid, lowland forests;
and montane forests (up to 3,800 m).
H. meinertzhageni
is most common near permanent water sources, especially where there is a thick understory
cover. However, it does venture out into clearings and grasslands to feed.
- Habitat Regions
- tropical
- terrestrial
- Terrestrial Biomes
- savanna or grassland
- forest
- scrub forest
Physical Description
Standing approximately 1m high and 190 cm long,
Hylochoerus meinertzhageni
adults have a huge broad head, and males have pads of naked, inflated skin near their
eyes. Both sexes have small, straight tusks that flare outward (to 30 cm) and teeth
modified for grazing and browsing. The giant forest hog has large, pointed ears and
bristly hair on its body and tail. Color is slate gray with some lighter hair on the
face. The male's cheek pads contain scent glands, and this hog also has a preputial
scent gland. Females are slightly smaller than males and have 4 mammae.
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- homoiothermic
- bilateral symmetry
- Sexual Dimorphism
- male larger
Reproduction
Gestation period: 151 days
Number of young: 2-11 precocial piglets
Breeding season: February to April and August to October
Birthing: January to March and July to September
Weaning: 9 weeks
Sexual maturity: 18 months
Life span: up to 18 years, with 5 years being the average
Juveniles accompany their mother very soon after birth, but remain under cover in
nests of tall grasses and branches for at least a week, walking beneath the mother
while in the open. Females may disperse as yearlings while males may stay until secondary
sexual characteristics have appeared (Estes 1991, d'Huart 1993).
- Key Reproductive Features
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
Lifespan/Longevity
Behavior
Forest hogs are shy creatures that live in low population densities and are therefore not well known. They are nocturnal and live in groups called 'sounders' which consist of 6-14 individuals in a 1:2 male:female ratio, led by a male. Subadult males form bachelor groups. The hogs tend to be more active, up to 10 hours per day, in areas where they are not hunted, and will range 8-12 km per day. They are most often out in the open during up to four hours of steady feeding between dusk and midnight. A range will consist of pastures, sleeping areas, water holes, wallows, rubbing places, latrines, and mineral licks, connected by paths through the underbrush. These suids scrape dirt from beneath logs or roots to bed down. Boars are intolerant of others, and will engage in one of two forms of fighting: snout pushing, a test of weight, or forehead ramming, which often fractures the skull. If cranial hollows meet exactly, this ramming behavior produces a loud report. A mating pair of hogs will leave a sounder, the male grunting loudly, and urinating frequently. The boar butts the female's hindquarters until she stands for copulation, which may last 10 minutes. Adults will surround piglets to defend them from their main predator, the hyena, and the leopard, which hunts them as well. Piglets will freeze at the sound of an alarm grunt. Forest hogs are extremely susceptible to hunting, because they come to bay and fight at the edge of cover (Estes 1991, d'Huart 1993).
- Key Behaviors
- motile
Communication and Perception
Food Habits
Herbivore: The forest hog is unable to root like other Suidae, but it can dig quite well with its tusks for roots and minerals. Otherwise, the forest hog grazes on grasses, sedges and herbage. Sometimes, these suids will ingest carrion or eggs. They also practice coprophagy (Estes 1991, d'Huart 1993).
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
The forest hog is an easy target for hunting, and although among some peoples of the
Congo, the eating of
H. mienertzhageni
is considered to cause calamity, the species is hunted in much of its range, not
only for subsistence, but for commercial meat markets. There is also some trade for
the ivory of its tusks, and hides were sometimes used for leather.
- Positive Impacts
- food
- body parts are source of valuable material
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
The forest hog is a symptomless carrier of African Swine Fever (ASF), which is lethal to domestic pigs. This disease is transmitted by a tick called the tampan. These suids also can carry the trypanosomes for sleeping sickness (ngana) that is transmitted by the tse-tse fly to livestock and humans. They also transmit rinderpest and are responsible for significant crop damage (Macdonald 1995, d'Huart 1993).
Conservation Status
The forest hog is rated 3-4 by IUCN. This means that it has a restricted distribution, is threatened by habitat destruction, hunting pressure or other ecological pressure, however populations are not declining. The subspecies Hylochoerus mienertzhagheni mienertzhagheni has the smallest range, but appears to be relatively secure (Oliver 1993).
Additional Links
Contributors
Barbara Lundrigan (author), Michigan State University, Jennifer Bidlingmeyer (author), Michigan State University.
- Ethiopian
-
living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar.
- native range
-
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- tropical
-
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
- terrestrial
-
Living on the ground.
- tropical savanna and grassland
-
A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.
- savanna
-
A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.
- temperate grassland
-
A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.
- forest
-
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
- scrub forest
-
scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons.
- endothermic
-
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- bilateral symmetry
-
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
- food
-
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
- sexual
-
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- motile
-
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- tactile
-
uses touch to communicate
- chemical
-
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
References
Estes, R. 1991. Behavior Guide to African Mammals . Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press.
Macdonald, D. 1995. The Encyclopedia of Mammals . London, Sydney: George Allen and Unwin.
Walker, E. 1968. Mammals of the World . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
d'Huart, J. 1993. 4.3 The Forest Hog ( Hylochoerus meinertzhageni ). Pp. 84-92 in Pigs, Peccaries, and Hippos . Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.