Muntiacus atherodes

Geographic Range

Muntiacus atherodes , commonly called Bornean yellow muntjacs, is found throughout the island of Borneo.

• Biogeographic Regions
• oriental oriental
  • native native

• Other Geographic Terms
• island endemic island endemic

Habitat

Bornean yellow muntjacs are terrestrial ungulates that live in variety of habitats, including moist forests, low hills, coastal regions, and areas of dense vegetation. They are not normally found far from water (Nowak, 1999). They are found from 0 to 1200m (ARCBC, 2006).

• Habitat Regions
• tropical tropical
• terrestrial terrestrial

• Terrestrial Biomes
• forest forest
• rainforest rainforest
• scrub forest scrub forest

Physical Description

Bornean yellow muntjacs are characterized by a yellowish-orange hue to their fur. They have a darker stripe on the nuchal region which becomes yellowish-orange on the sides and then whitish on the belly. The tail has a dark nuchal stripe and the pale ventral color and is 14 to 20 cm in length. The under part of the throat retains the ventral paleness. The ears are sparsely haired with coloration ranging from deep brown to yellowish or grayish brown with creamy or whitish markings (Nowak, 1999). Males have slender, simple horns of 16 to 42 mm in length. Males lack both frontal tufts of hair and antler burrs (Payne and Francis, 1985). Females have small, bony knobs and tufts of hair in place of horns. Males also have modified upper canines that curve strongly outward from the lips, forming small tusks (Norwak, 1999). At birth, fawns possess lines of white spots on the upper parts of their bodies. These spots remain until they are half their adult size (Payne and Francis, 1985).

• Other Physical Features
• endothermic endothermic
• homoiothermic
• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry

• Sexual Dimorphism
• ornamentation ornamentation

Reproduction

Little is known about mating in Bornean yellow muntjacs. Mating systems and behavior may be similar to other, better studied, species of muntjacs , where males compete for access to females in estrous.

Bornean yellow muntjacs are polyestrous and breed throughout the year. Their estrus cycle lasts between 14 and 21 days and gestation between 210 and 215 days. Typically a single fawn is born, very rarely twins. The fawn will stay hidden in thick vegetation until it is able to move about with its mother (Norwak, 1999). Weaning lasts between 2 months (Walker, 2006) to halfway into the next pregnancy, which will be conceived just a few days after a fawn is born (Whitehead, 1993). Sexual maturity will be reached within 6 to 12 months (Huffman, 2006).

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous iteroparous
• year-round breeding year-round breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual sexual
• viviparous viviparous

Females lactate and protect their young. Otherwise, little is known about parental investment in the young. Like other muntjacs , Bornean yellow muntjacs are somewhat precocial when born and develop rapidly.

• Parental Investment
• precocial precocial
• pre-fertilization
  • provisioning
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-hatching/birth
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-weaning/fledging
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female

Lifespan/Longevity

There is little available information on the lifespan of Bornean yellow muntjacs.

Behavior

Little is known about the behavior of Bornean yellow muntjacs. They are mainly diurnal and lift their feet high when walking (Nowak, 1999). They are often seen in pairs consisting of an adult male and an adult female, they are occasionally observed alone (Payne and Francis, 1985).

• Key Behaviors
• terricolous
• diurnal diurnal
• motile motile
• sedentary sedentary
• solitary solitary

Home Range

Home ranges are not known in Bornean yellow muntjacs.

Communication and Perception

Muntjacs , in general, are known as ‘barking deer’ due to the short, sharp, loud, and deep bark-like call they produce. When alarmed, the barking of Bornean yellow muntjacs can last for more than an hour. The frequency of barking increases in circumstances of reduced visibility (Nowak, 1999). A short, high-pitched mewing sound is emitted by females with young (Payne and Francis, 1985). Muntjacs also use the secretions from their pre-orbital glands to communicate reproductive state, territorial boundaries, and to cement social bonds.

• Communication Channels
• visual visual
• acoustic acoustic
• chemical chemical

• Perception Channels
• visual visual
• tactile tactile
• acoustic acoustic
• chemical chemical

Food Habits

Bornean yellow muntjacs feed on an assortment of vegetation: leaves, fruits, shoots, grasses, herbs, and seeds. They are mainly diurnal, feeding throughout the day.

• Primary Diet
• herbivore herbivore
  • folivore folivore
  • frugivore frugivore

• Plant Foods
• leaves
• wood, bark, or stems
• seeds, grains, and nuts
• fruit

Predation

Known predators of Bornean yellow muntjacs include clouded leopards ( Neofelis nebulosa ) and humans.

• Anti-predator Adaptations
• cryptic cryptic

Ecosystem Roles

There is little available information on the ecosystem role of Bornean yellow muntjacs. They may help to disperse the seeds of fruit trees by eating them and they act as prey to large, forest predators.

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Bornean yellow muntjacs are hunted for their skins and meat.

• Positive Impacts
• food food
• body parts are source of valuable material

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

Bornean yellow muntjacs are considered a nuisance because they destroy trees by stripping off bark.

• Negative Impacts
• crop pest

Conservation Status

Bornean yellow muntjacs are listed as primarily lower risk on the IUCN's 2006 Red List of Threatened Animals. Additionally, they fall into the sub-category of least concern (IUCN, 2006). However, hunting pressure on this species is high. They are attracted to grazing areas near roads and in forest cuts, making them more susceptible to hunting (Meijaard et al., 2006).

Other Comments

Bornean yellow muntjacs were not recognized as a distinct species until 1982. They were previously considered conspecific with Indian muntjacs ( M. muntjak ), or were known by the name Muntiacus pleiharicus (Wilson and Reeder, 1993). Besides the difference in physical appearance, Bornean yellow muntjacs and Indian muntjacs ( M. muntjak ) can be distinguished from each other by their skulls. Bornean yellow muntjacs have smaller skulls, a relatively deep preorbital pit, and reduced frontal ridges. In addition, Bornean yellow muntjacs are the only species in the genus Muntiacus that lack an orange occipital patch (Groves & Grubb, 1982).

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

Contributors

Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web.

Ashley Jetzer (author), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Chris Yahnke (editor, instructor), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.

References

ARCBC, 2006. "Asean Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation" (On-line). Accessed October 15, 2006 at http://www.arcbc.org/cgi-bin/abiss.exe/spd?tx=MA&spd=10168 .

Groves, C., P. Grubb. 1982. The species of Muntjac (genus Muntiacus) in Borneo; unrecognised sympatry in tropical deer. Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden , 56: 203-216.

Huffman, B. 2006. "The Ultimate Ungulate Page" (On-line). Accessed October 14, 2006 at http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Muntiacus_atherodes.html .

IUCN, 2006. "2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" (On-line). Accessed October 15, 2006 at www.iucnredlist.org .

Meijaard, E., D. Sheil, R. Nasi, S. Stanley. 2006. Wildlife conservation in Bornean timber concessions. Ecology and Society , 11(1): 47. Accessed November 28, 2006 at http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art47/ .

Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World. 6th edition . Baltimore, MD.: John Hopkins University Press.

Payne, J., C. Francis. 1985. A Field Guide to the Mammals of Borneo . Malaysia, Malaysia: Sabah Society.

Walker, . 2006. "World Deer Website" (On-line). Accessed October 14, 2016 at www.worlddeer.org .

Whitehead, G. 1993. The Whitehead Encyclopedia of Deer . Stillwater, MN: Voyageur Press, Inc..

Wilson, D., D. Reeder. 1993. Mammal Species of the World . Washington DC, USA: Smithsonian Institution Press. Accessed November 28, 2006 at http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/msw/ .