Pluvialis fulvaPacific golden plover(Also: Pacific golden-plover)

Ge­o­graphic Range

Pa­cific golden-plovers (Plu­vi­alis fulva) nest along the Arc­tic Ocean in Siberia, from the Yamal Penin­sula to the Bering Sea, and along the Bering Sea and Chukchi Sea in west­ern Alaska. Win­ter­ing re­gions vary with breed­ing re­gions. The Alaskan pop­u­la­tion win­ter in the South Pa­cific and Hawaii. The east Russ­ian pop­u­la­tion win­ters in the South Pa­cific, Aus­tralia, and South­east Asia. The cen­tral Russ­ian pop­u­la­tion win­ters in south­ern Asia and north­east Africa. (John­son, et al., 2012a; John­son, et al., 2012b; John­son, et al., 2018; Wi­j­menga, et al., 2005; With­row and Winker, 2014)

Habi­tat

Pa­cific golden-plovers nest on dry-to-moist open tun­dra among lichen cov­ered rocks. The veg­e­ta­tion con­sists of grasses and sedges. Over the win­ter they live along ocean coasts and pre­fer a va­ri­ety of open spaces such as agri­cul­tural fields, beaches, coastal marshes, mud­flats, air­port fields, and golf courses. (John­son, et al., 2001; John­son, et al., 2018; With­row and Winker, 2014)

  • Range elevation
    0 to 500 m
    0.00 to 1640.42 ft

Phys­i­cal De­scrip­tion

The Pa­cific golden-plover is a mid-sized plover with a mass range of 100g to 200g de­pend­ing on the time of year. The length can vary from 23cm to 26cm and an av­er­age wingspan of 44cm. Bills are black for all sexes and ages, the iris is dark brown for all sexes and ages, and the legs and feet are gray to black vary­ing with age.

Pa­cific golden-plovers hatch with natal down that is over­all yel­low with black/brown mot­tling. The un­der­side is mainly gray. They then de­velop the ju­ve­nile plumage. The ju­ve­nile plumage is sim­i­lar to the de­fin­i­tive basic plumage. The head is light brown with black, white, and yel­low mot­tling. The feath­ers are dark to light brown with yel­low edges and spots. The chest and flanks are brown/white and the un­der­side is white. The for­ma­tive plumage, or first basic plumage, is sim­i­lar to the de­fin­i­tive basic plumage and ju­ve­nile feath­ers are being worn and lost. Once ju­ve­nile feath­ers are lost they look mostly like the de­fin­i­tive basic plumage. The first al­ter­nate plumage does not ap­pear in all in­di­vid­u­als. This plumage is highly vari­able and sex­ing and aging is hard when they are near this stage. Once they reach their sec­ond fall the Pa­cific golden-plovers begin their de­fin­i­tive basic plumage. The head is a light brown with mot­tling of white, black, and yel­low. The chest is brown/white and light brown mot­tling. The wings are a darker brown with black, white, and yel­low mot­tling. The wing tips get darker the far­ther out they are and the un­der­side is a light brown/white. The sexes are very sim­i­lar ex­cept for 80% di­mor­phic with the outer re­t­ri­ces of males hav­ing dark gray/white or black/white bars and fe­males with less de­fined col­oration. The de­fin­i­tive basic plumage lasts from Oc­to­ber to March. From April to Sep­tem­ber the Pa­cific golden-plover changes to its de­fin­i­tive al­ter­nate plumage. The de­fin­i­tive al­ter­nate plumage is the best time to tell sexes apart. The males de­velop a strong black un­der­side com­ing up the chest and the chin and end­ing in the au­ric­u­lars. Then there's a white stripe start­ing on the fore­head and going around the au­ric­u­lars and down the flanks. The back­side, crown, nape, and wings of males is a bright golden with black and a lit­tle white mot­tling. The fe­males have the black un­der­side and chest but stops be­fore the throat and has some white mot­tling. Fe­males do not have the strong de­fined sep­a­ra­tion of color seen in males and the white stripe is blended into the wings and the un­der­side. The back­side, crown, nape, and wings has the bright golden with black and white mot­tling.

The Pa­cific golden-plover is a sis­ter species with the Amer­i­can golden-plover. The two can be al­most in­dis­tin­guish­able. The main dif­fer­ences be­tween the two species are Pa­cific golden-plovers are shorter (23-26cm) than Amer­i­can golden-plovers (24-28cm) and the flat­tened wing of the Pa­cific golden-plover is gen­er­ally less than 175mm whereas the Amer­i­can golden-plover is gen­er­ally greater than 180mm. Also in the de­fin­i­tive al­ter­nate plumage the Pa­cific golden-plover has brighter golden mark­ings on the back­side than the Amer­i­can golden-plover. (John­son, et al., 2018; Mathiu, et al., 1989)

  • Sexual Dimorphism
  • sexes alike
  • sexes colored or patterned differently
  • Range mass
    108 to 228 g
    3.81 to 8.04 oz
  • Range length
    23 to 26 cm
    9.06 to 10.24 in
  • Average wingspan
    44 cm
    17.32 in
  • Average basal metabolic rate
    1.85 cm3.O2/g/hr

Re­pro­duc­tion

Some Pa­cific golden-plovers ar­rive to breed­ing sites al­ready paired but most find their mates after the mi­gra­tion, on the breed­ing sites. In­di­vid­u­als that pair be­fore mi­gra­tion are pos­si­bly win­ter­ing ter­ri­to­r­ial neigh­bors and the fe­male fol­lows the male to his nest­ing ter­ri­tory. Most are paired when a fe­male set­tles on an­other male's ter­ri­tory. Most pairs are ap­par­ent within 3-6 days of mi­gra­tion ar­rival. A ter­ri­to­r­ial dis­play done by males, called the but­ter­fly dis­play, may serve as an ad­ver­tise­ment to fe­males. These dis­plays usu­ally begin on the first day after ar­rival. They last through­out the breed­ing sea­son to de­fend their nest.

Pa­cific golden-plovers are monog­a­mous, which means they have only one mate per breed­ing sea­son. Most pairs do not re­main to­gether for more than one breed­ing sea­son but multi-sea­son pair­ings are known to occur. (John­son, et al., 2018)

Pa­cific golden-plovers mate once per year. They reach sex­ual ma­tu­rity once they are one year old. At this time they are still dis­play­ing their ju­ve­nile plumage and mat­ing may not hap­pen until the next breed­ing sea­son, but it does occur. When an in­di­vid­ual does find a mate, they pair in the spring or early sum­mer. Cop­u­la­tion oc­curs shortly after pair­ing and a nest is made. A typ­i­cal clutch is 4 eggs and the in­cu­ba­tion pe­riod is around 25 days. The ear­li­est chicks hatch in May, and at the lat­est nests hatch in Au­gust. Birth mass varies with en­vi­ron­ment and par­ents but it is usu­ally around 17 g. The chicks are pre­co­cial and they feed on their own. Par­ents will pro­tect them until they are able to fly. Time to fledg­ing is around 26-28 days. (John­son, et al., 2018)

  • Breeding interval
    Pacific golden-plovers breed once yearly
  • Breeding season
    Pacific golden-plovers breed during the summer. Pairing begins at the earliest in late April and nesting ends at the latest in early August.
  • Range eggs per season
    3 to 5
  • Average time to hatching
    25 days
  • Range fledging age
    26 to 28 days
  • Range time to independence
    26 to 28 days
  • Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)
    1 years
  • Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)
    1 years

Male Pa­cific golden-plovers find pos­si­ble nest sites and scrape them clear of lichen. The process to which pairs choose nest sites is not well stud­ied but males con­struct the final nest lined with lichens, leaves, and grasses. Be­fore hatch­ing, both the males and fe­males in­cu­bate the eggs. The males that are not in­cu­bat­ing will de­fend their nest by aer­ial dis­plays and will for­age within earshot. Males will also de­fend nests from preda­tors and com­peti­tors nearby.

At hatch­ing, the chicks are pre­co­cial. After hatch­ing, brood­ing takes place for a few hours and af­ter­ward the chicks leave the nest. Par­ents do not feed their young, so they for­age by them­selves with the pro­tec­tion of their par­ents. Both par­ents re­main with the chicks through most of the chick stage. Fe­males are usu­ally the first to aban­don the young. This usu­ally takes place soon after they learn to fly. Males then aban­don them to join the south­ward mi­gra­tion, leav­ing the ju­ve­niles alone for the first time in their lives. Ju­ve­niles are the last to fly south from Au­gust to Oc­to­ber. (John­son, et al., 2018)

Lifes­pan/Longevity

The longevity record for the Pa­cific golden-plover is 21 years and 3 months (min­i­mum). On a study site on Oahu in­di­vid­u­als sur­vive on av­er­age to 6 years and have been seen at 10+ years. Records on the Se­ward Penin­sula in­di­cate males nested for at least 10 years and fe­males 8 years. Sur­vival rates on Oahu vary from 89% to 96%.

Ex­treme weather and pre­da­tion are the most com­mon ways in which Pa­cific golden-plovers are killed. Other recorded but less com­mon man­ners of death are hunt­ing, col­li­sions with man made struc­tures, and poi­son­ing. ("Pa­cific Golden Plover", 2016; John­son, et al., 2018)

  • Range lifespan
    Status: wild
    21.25 (high) years
  • Typical lifespan
    Status: wild
    4 to 10 years
  • Average lifespan
    Status: wild
    6 years

Be­hav­ior

To travel short dis­tances Pa­cific golden-plovers stay al­most ex­clu­sively on the ground. They run or walk on the ground and rarely use el­e­vated perches. They are ca­pa­ble of long dis­tance flight to and from win­ter­ing grounds over vast open ocean. They are not aquatic birds and so see­ing them float­ing on open water is rare. The only times they have been seen float­ing are in poor vis­i­bil­ity or if they're in­jured.

Flock­ing is com­mon dur­ing the mi­gra­tion and di­rectly prior to mi­gra­tion. Dur­ing the win­ter, ter­ri­to­r­ial birds will be­come vi­o­lent to­wards other in­di­vid­u­als who en­croach on their ter­ri­tory. Non­ter­ri­to­r­ial in­di­vid­u­als for­age to­gether but main­tain reg­u­lar in­ter-in­di­vid­ual spac­ing. Most birds will con­gre­gate at com­mu­nal roosts at night­time.

Pa­cific golden-plovers stay mostly to them­selves and their pairs. They are known to be oc­ca­sion­ally so­cial on ex­trater­ri­to­r­ial for­ag­ing areas. Most other species are not tol­er­ated with the ex­cep­tion of the dun­lin (Calidris alpina). (John­son, et al., 2001; John­son, et al., 2018)

  • Range territory size
    .1 to .5 km^2

Home Range

Pa­cific golden-plovers are highly ter­ri­to­r­ial dur­ing the breed­ing sea­son. Each pair's ter­ri­tory size varies from 10 ha to 50 ha. Pairs will de­fend their ter­ri­tory with ground and aer­ial dis­plays, vo­cal­iza­tions, chases, and fights. Dis­plays are most in­tense near the cen­ter around the nest. Ag­gres­sive be­hav­ior such as chases and aer­ial dis­plays oc­ca­sion­ally leads to fight­ing. On the ground the birds will try to peck the other in the wings, head, and feet. Re­peated se­ries of chases, dis­plays, and fights are com­mon. They will for­age mostly within the ter­ri­tory but ex­trater­ri­to­r­ial for­ag­ing is com­mon and even com­mu­nal for­ag­ing spots have been ob­served.

Ter­ri­to­ries on win­ter­ing grounds are much smaller (0.4-0.5 ha) and some birds don't have any ter­ri­tory at all. Win­ter­ing ter­ri­to­ries are held by both sexes but pre­dom­i­nantly male and they are held for the en­tire sea­son. The birds will often re­claim the iden­ti­cal ter­ri­tory they had from the year be­fore. (John­son, et al., 2001; John­son, et al., 2018)

Com­mu­ni­ca­tion and Per­cep­tion

There are 9 dif­fer­ent known calls that the Pa­cific golden-plover has. There are dis­tinct dif­fer­ences be­tween breed­ing sea­son vo­cal­iza­tion and win­ter vo­cal­iza­tion. First are the breed­ing sea­son vo­cal­iza­tions. The repet­i­tive call is a type of song sung dur­ing a breed­ing dis­play for around 15-40/min. The com­plex whis­tle is an­other song that fol­lows the breed­ing dis­play with the repet­i­tive call. The fe­male echoes the call after the male. The alarm/dis­trac­tion call is used to alert other birds and both sexes are sim­i­lar. The ag­gres­sion call is sim­i­lar to the alarm/dis­trac­tion but more chat­tery. The courtship call is a call males per­form that con­sists of soft trills and bursts. The in­tra­pair calls are sub­tle calls used in in­tra­pair com­mu­ni­ca­tion. The fol­low­ing are the win­ter vo­cal­iza­tions. The flight calls vary con­sid­er­ably and can be up to 20 dif­fer­ent calls. Most are whis­tles of dif­fer­ent syl­la­bles. The alarm calls are to alarm other birds and are drawn out and sharp sounds. The ag­gres­sion calls are melo­di­ous and used in ter­ri­to­r­ial dis­putes and birds at noc­tur­nal roosts. (John­son, et al., 2018)

Food Habits

Pa­cific golden-plovers for­age pri­mar­ily on land on flat and open ex­panses. This in­cludes tun­dra, beaches, fields, and urban areas. They are om­niv­o­rous and their diet mainly con­sists of ter­res­trial in­ver­te­brates, seeds, and berries. Re­gional re­ports have Pa­cific golden-plovers eat­ing a highly vari­able diet in­clud­ing in­sects, mol­lusks, seeds, berries, fish, small rep­tiles, small mam­mals, flow­ers, leaves, and some­times small bird eggs. Some com­mon an­i­mals Pa­cific golden-plovers are known to eat are: crane flies (Tupil­i­dae), earth­worms (Lum­b­ri­ci­dae), and brine shrimp (Artemia fran­cis­cana).

When Pa­cific golden-plovers for­age they run, stop, scan the ground, and peck. Prey is cap­tured by their bill with one peck or sev­eral. Some­times they have to probe the soil and bury their bill and face in order to cap­ture prey. They rely mainly on their vi­sion in­stead of other senses like smell or hear­ing to find prey. Birds that are for­ag­ing for berries peck at bushes and shrubs at eye level some­times find­ing spi­ders and in­sects as well.

Pa­cific golden-plovers are not known to for­age co­op­er­a­tively but for­ag­ing dur­ing in­cu­ba­tion de­pends on du­ties. The one not in­cu­bat­ing for­ages alone while the other in­cu­bates. Mates that have not mated yet or al­ready have young for­age to­gether. Feed­ing mostly oc­curs dur­ing day­light and only in a few con­firmed lo­ca­tions do they feed at night. (John­son, et al., 2001; John­son, et al., 2012a; John­son, et al., 2012b; John­son, et al., 2018)

  • Animal Foods
  • mammals
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • fish
  • eggs
  • insects
  • terrestrial non-insect arthropods
  • mollusks
  • terrestrial worms
  • aquatic or marine worms
  • other marine invertebrates
  • Plant Foods
  • leaves
  • seeds, grains, and nuts
  • fruit
  • flowers

Pre­da­tion

In the breed­ing grounds Pa­cific golden-plovers ex­pe­ri­ence pre­da­tion from sev­eral species of rap­tors and Arc­tic foxes (Vulpes lago­pus). Just like many other preda­tors, they aim for younger and smaller birds. In the win­ter­ing grounds rap­tors are still a con­cern and mon­gooses are also a threat.

Pa­cific golden-plovers call to one an­other when they spot a preda­tor and they also cam­ou­flage them­selves pretty well be­cause their back col­ors blend in with the ground in the tun­dra breed­ing grounds. Since they nest on the ground this adap­ta­tion serves them very well. If on the ground, the birds will re­main mo­tion­less until they must try to es­cape or the dan­ger has passed. One un­con­firmed ob­ser­va­tion showed Pa­cific golden-plovers at­tempt­ing to out­climb a preda­tor. ("Pa­cific Golden Plover", 2016; John­son, et al., 2018)

  • Anti-predator Adaptations
  • cryptic

Ecosys­tem Roles

Lit­tle has been pub­lished about the ecosys­tem roles of the Pa­cific golden-plover. They are prey to a wide va­ri­ety of rap­tors and mam­mals. They eat in­sects, berries, and seeds and they may con­tribute to con­trol­ling in­sect pop­u­la­tion and dis­pers­ing seeds. They also com­monly feed by prob­ing the top­soil for var­i­ous in­ver­te­brates and this may con­tribute to soil aer­a­tion. (John­son, et al., 2018)

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Pos­i­tive

There is lit­tle in­for­ma­tion on the eco­nomic im­por­tance of Pa­cific golden-plovers to hu­mans. They at­tract bird­watch­ers to Hawaii and other Pa­cific va­ca­tion spots.

In the West­ern Hemi­sphere, Aus­tralia, and New Zealand the Pa­cific golden-plover is pro­tected by law from hunt­ing. How­ever, in South­east Asia com­mer­cial har­vest­ing is wide­spread. Whether or not the har­vest­ing is sus­tain­able is un­known. (John­son, et al., 2018)

  • Positive Impacts
  • food

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Neg­a­tive

The Pa­cific golden-plover nests in ex­tremely re­mote lo­ca­tions sparsely pop­u­lated by hu­mans. This al­lows them to rarely come into con­tact with hu­mans. Dur­ing the win­ter how­ever, they mi­grate to highly pop­u­lated areas like south­ern Asia, East Asia, and Hawaii. They fre­quently are found on lawns, golf courses, and air­port run­ways. Col­li­sions with air­planes are com­mon in Hawaii. ("Pa­cific Golden Plover", 2016; John­son, et al., 2018)

Con­ser­va­tion Sta­tus

Ac­cord­ing to the IUCN Red List the Pa­cific golden-plover is at Least Con­cern. Cur­rent es­ti­mates for their pop­u­la­tion size is around 190,000 to 250,000 in­di­vid­u­als. The Pa­cific golden-plover is ex­pe­ri­enc­ing a de­creas­ing trend in over­all pop­u­la­tion size but their wide range and al­ready large pop­u­la­tion size does not meet the cri­te­ria for Vul­ner­a­ble yet. Their biggest threat is cli­mate change with shifts in veg­e­ta­tion cover in the tun­dra breed­ing range and ris­ing sea lev­els in the trop­i­cal win­ter­ing range. (John­son, et al., 2018)

Con­trib­u­tors

Joseph Miller (au­thor), North­ern Michi­gan Uni­ver­sity, Alec Lind­say (ed­i­tor), North­ern Michi­gan Uni­ver­sity, Tanya Dewey (ed­i­tor), Uni­ver­sity of Michi­gan-Ann Arbor.

Glossary

Australian

Living in Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and associated islands.

World Map

Ethiopian

living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar.

World Map

Nearctic

living in the Nearctic biogeographic province, the northern part of the New World. This includes Greenland, the Canadian Arctic islands, and all of the North American as far south as the highlands of central Mexico.

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Pacific Ocean

body of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), Australia, Asia, and the western hemisphere. This is the world's largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world's surface.

World Map

Palearctic

living in the northern part of the Old World. In otherwords, Europe and Asia and northern Africa.

World Map

acoustic

uses sound to communicate

agricultural

living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.

bilateral symmetry

having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.

carnivore

an animal that mainly eats meat

chemical

uses smells or other chemicals to communicate

coastal

the nearshore aquatic habitats near a coast, or shoreline.

cryptic

having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect.

diurnal
  1. active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.
endothermic

animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.

female parental care

parental care is carried out by females

fertilization

union of egg and spermatozoan

food

A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.

frugivore

an animal that mainly eats fruit

granivore

an animal that mainly eats seeds

herbivore

An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.

insectivore

An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.

iteroparous

offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).

male parental care

parental care is carried out by males

migratory

makes seasonal movements between breeding and wintering grounds

molluscivore

eats mollusks, members of Phylum Mollusca

monogamous

Having one mate at a time.

motile

having the capacity to move from one place to another.

native range

the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.

omnivore

an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals

oriental

found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.

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oviparous

reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.

polar

the regions of the earth that surround the north and south poles, from the north pole to 60 degrees north and from the south pole to 60 degrees south.

saltwater or marine

mainly lives in oceans, seas, or other bodies of salt water.

seasonal breeding

breeding is confined to a particular season

sexual

reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female

social

associates with others of its species; forms social groups.

soil aeration

digs and breaks up soil so air and water can get in

stores or caches food

places a food item in a special place to be eaten later. Also called "hoarding"

suburban

living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns.

tactile

uses touch to communicate

territorial

defends an area within the home range, occupied by a single animals or group of animals of the same species and held through overt defense, display, or advertisement

tundra

A terrestrial biome with low, shrubby or mat-like vegetation found at extremely high latitudes or elevations, near the limit of plant growth. Soils usually subject to permafrost. Plant diversity is typically low and the growing season is short.

urban

living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity.

visual

uses sight to communicate

young precocial

young are relatively well-developed when born

Ref­er­ences

2016. "Pa­cific Golden Plover" (On-line). Mid­way Atoll Na­tional Wildlife Refuge and Bat­tle of Mid­way Na­tional Memo­r­ial. Ac­cessed March 14, 2018 at https://​www.​fws.​gov/​refuge/​Midway_​Atoll/​wildlife_​and_​habitat/​Pacific_​Golden_​Plover.​html.

Con­nors, P., B. Mc­Caf­fery, J. Maron. 1993. Spe­ci­a­tion in Golden-Plovers, Plu­vi­alis do­minica and P. fulva: Ev­i­dence from the Breed­ing Grounds. The Auk, 110/1: 9-20. Ac­cessed Jan­u­ary 26, 2018 at http://​www.​jstor.​org/​stable/​4088226.

John­son, O., A. Ben­nett, L. Alsworth, L. Ben­nett, P. John­son, J. Mor­gart, R. Kien­holz. 2012. Radio Tagged Pa­cific Golden Plovers: The Hawaii Alaska link, Spring Des­ti­na­tions, and Breed­ing Sea­son Sur­vival. Jour­nal of Field Or­nithol­ogy, 72/4: 537-546. Ac­cessed Jan­u­ary 26, 2018 at http://​www.​bioone.​org/​doi/​abs/​10.​1648/​0273-8570-72.​4.​537.

John­son, O., P. Bruner, J. Rotella, P. John­son, A. Bruner. 2001. Long-Term Study of Ap­par­ent Sur­vival in Pa­cific Golden-Plovers at a Win­ter­ing Ground on Oahu, Hawai­ian Is­lands. The Auk, 118/2: 342-351. Ac­cessed Jan­u­ary 26, 2018 at http://​www.​jstor.​org/​stable/​4089796.

John­son, O., P. Con­nors, P. Pyle, P. Rode­wald. 2018. "The Birds of North Amer­ica On­line" (On-line). Ac­cessed Jan­u­ary 30, 2018 at https://​birdsna.​org/​Species-Account/​bna/​species/​pagplo/​introduction.

John­son, O., L. Field­ing, J. Fisher, R. Gold, R. Good­will, A. Bruner, J. Furey, P. Brusseau, N. Brusseau, P. John­son, J. Jukema, L. Prince, M. Ten­ney, J. Fox. 2012. New in­sight con­cern­ing transoceanic mi­gra­tory path­ways of Pa­cific Golden-Plovers (Plu­vi­alis fulva): The Japan stopover and other link­ages as re­vealed by ge­olo­ca­tors. Ciba Foun­da­tion study group, 119/1: 1-8.

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John­son, O., N. Warnock, M. Bishop, A. Ben­nett, P. John­son, R. Kien­holz. 1997. Mi­gra­tion by Ra­dio-Tagged Pa­cific Golden-Plovers from Hawaii to Alaska, and Their Sub­se­quent Sur­vival. The Auk, 114/3: 521-524. Ac­cessed Jan­u­ary 26, 2018 at http://​www.​jstor.​org/​stable/​4089259.

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