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Canis lupus gray wolf
recognized subspecies.Gray wolves are widely recognized to be the ancestor of all domestic dog breeds (Canis lupus familiaris), including feral forms such as dingos (Canis lupus dingo) and New Guinea singing dogs (Canis lupus halstromi). Genetic evidence suggests that gray wolves were domesticated at least twice, and perhaps as many as 5 times, by humans. Artificial selection by humans for particular traits, including size, appearance, aggressiveness, loyalty, and many desirable, specialized skills, has
Canis lupus dingo dingo
designation Canis lupus was recommended over Canis familiaris as species name due to universal usage, though Canis familiaris dingo continues to persist as the subspecies classification in some scientific literature. As of Corbett’s writing in 1995, the current scientific name of dingos was Canis lupus dingo (Corbett 1995; Nowak 1999
Canis dogs, jackals, and wolves
markings, and even to determine a new competitor, predator, or pack mate in the area (Meiri et al., 2007). At a distance, canids rely on a variety of vocalizations to communicate to other canids, and most vocalizations are species specific. Canis lupus howls to communicate. Canis latrans, Canis adustus, Canis mesomelas, and Canis aureus produce a variety of yips and small howls in different tones and pitches to communicate (Malcolm, 2004). Canis are falcultative carnivores (Kupczik and Stynder, 2012
Canis rufus red wolf
Presently, red wolves survive mainly as small relict and reintroduced populations in inaccessible swampland and mountainous terrain (Wilson & Ruff 1999, Nowak 1991). Red wolves are distinguished from their nearest relative, Canis lupus, by their smaller size, relatively narrower proportions, longer legs and ears, and shorter fur. Red wolves have a total length between 1000 and 1300 mm, tail length of from 300 to 420 mm, and shoulder height of 660 to 790 mm. Among red wolves, males average 10 percent larger
Canis aureus golden jackal
Canis simensis Ethiopian wolf; Simian jackal; Simien fox
The Ethiopian wolf has a very restricted range. It is found only in six or seven mountain ranges of Ethiopia. This includes the Arssi and Bale mountains of southeast Ethiopia, the Simien mountains, northeast Shoa, Gojjam, and Mt. Guna (Ginsberg and Macdonald 1990). The largest population exists in the Bale Mountains National Park with 120-160 individuals (Sillero-Zubiri and Gottelli 1995). Canis simensis is found in afro-alpine grasslands and heathlands where vegetation is less than 0.25 m high. It lives at
Canis latrans coyote
Canis adustus side-striped jackal
thousands of jackals in the early part of the century and common trapping and poisoning during rabies outbreaks, no direct threat to the species is known. They are relatively rare throughout their range, but are not considered endangered. Conservation efforts have been made by incorporating Canis adustus into numerous national parks and reserves including: Serengeti National Park and Akagera National Park. Side-striped jackals are prey to leopards, hyenas and eagles. For small pups, eagles are an especially
Canis mesomelas black-backed jackal
Heterodoxus spiniger is found on canines on all continents except Antarctica and Europe. Heterodoxus spiniger inhabits the skin of domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and a few other canids, notably the side-striped and golden jackels (Canis adustus and Canis aureus) in Africa, and the coyote (Canis latrans), red wolf (Canis rufus) and gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in North America. It is usually found at the very proximal end of the hair shaft, close to the skin, often in the posterior dorsal
Vulpes bengalensis Bengal fox; Indian fox
Acridotheres tristis), grey partridge (Francolinus ponticerianus), and ashy-crowned finch larks (Eremopterix grisea). Less common prey items include ground lizards, rat snakes (Ptyas mucuosus), hedgehogs (Parantechinus nudiventris), and Indian hares (Lepus nigricollis). They feed on fruits of ber (Ziziphus), neem (Azadirachta indica), mango (Mangifera indica), jambu (Syizigium cumini), and banyan (Ficus bengalensis). Asiatic wolves (Canis lupus pallipes) and feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are
Macropus parma Parma wallaby
wallabies communicate visually, by quivering, tail wagging, and foot stomping as signs of agression. They perceive chemical signs, particularly scent as communication during mating. Parma wallabies also communicate with mates acoustically by clucking, coughing, and hissing as a sign of agression. Parma wallabies are herbivores that feed primarily on reedy grasses and herbaceous plant parts. Predators include Canis lupus dingo, Vulpes vulpes, and humans, all introduced species in Australia. Native predators
Cavia porcellus Guinea pig
preyed upon by small ferrets, domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), domestic cats (Felis catus), coyotes (Canis latrans), wolves (Canis lupus), owls and some species of hawks. Guinea pigs are host to many different parasite species, including mites, ticks, sucking lice, chewing lice, nematodes, and flukes. The most common among these are mites and lice, of which only 3 species are capable of breeding and reproducing on domesticated guinea pigs (Trixacarus caviae, Gliricola porcelli, and Chirodiscoides
Spermophilus perotensis Perote ground squirrel
independent from their mothers at four months of age. Exact weaning time is unknown. Current research makes no mention of known natural lifespans of Perote ground squirrels because observed populations are highly impacted by predators such as prairie falcons (Falco mexicanus), long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata), and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). Perote ground squirrels are also threatened by habitat destruction largely due to agricultural development. For these reasons, a natural lifespan for
sex chromosomes, and whole genomes showed that golden wolves have a unique gene pool from golden jackals and therefore constitute a different species. African wolves (Canis lupaster) were also concluded to be the same species as African golden wolves. This study also found that African golden wolves are more closely related to gray wolves (Canis lupus) than golden jackals. This close relation to gray wolves is interesting, considering that no gray wolves are found in Africa, but it is speculated that much
Vulpes macrotis kit fox
accounts for over 75% of kit fox predation. Other predators include bobcats (Lynx rufus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), American badgers (Taxidea taxus), feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and large raptors (Accipitridae). Also kit fox deaths have been due to interactions with humans, such as illegal hunting and trapping for fur. Kit foxes are also hit by cars. Kit foxes are wary and nocturnal, with cryptic coloration, reducing their risk of predation. Kit foxes are prey for other carnivores such as coyotes
Gazella bennettii Indian gazelle
and Prosopis cineraria (9%). The primary predators of Indian gazelles are golden jackals (Canis aureus), Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris), Indian wolves (Canis lupus pallipes), Indian leopards (Panthera pardus fusca), Asiatic cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus), crested hawk-eagles (Nisaetus cirrhatus), village or feral dogs (Canis lupus) and, most importantly, humans. Hunting and illegal poaching have greatly reduced population sizes of this species. Indian gazelles use their speed and stamina to
Urocyon cinereoargenteus gray fox
female pairings form in the fall with breeding occurring in the winter. During October and September, attracting mates become more competitive and males usually display more aggression while retaining and defending mates. Similar to domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), gray foxes have scent glands just inside the anus. Additional scent glands are found on their face and the pads of their feet. Although these glands are primarily used to demarcate territory, they may also be used to attract potential
catch and eat. In addition to plants and arthropods, bearded dragons will occasionally eat small mammals or reptiles, if they are available. Bearded dragons experience similar predation pressures throughout their lives. Common predators of bearded dragons include dingoes (Canis lupus dingo), large carnivorous reptiles such as black-headed pythons (Aspidites melanocephalus), and birds such as gull-billed terns (Gelochelidon nilotica). They are also eaten by introduced predators, such as domestic cats (Felis
Marmota monax woodchuck
trees and looking up periodically while feeding. Their large body size may deters some predators. They often use their teeth to defend themselves and produce a shrill whistle when threatened. Whistles also serve as a warning call to conspecifics, especially juveniles. Young woodchucks hide in and around the den for protection from potential predators. Known predators include gray wolves (Canis lupus), coyotes (Canis latrans), domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), gray foxes (Urocyon
Numida meleagris helmeted guineafowl
production in many areas of the world. Helmeted guinea fowl are preyed upon by a variety of animals along with their eggs. Known predators include leopards (Panthera pardus), servals (Leptailurus serval), wildcats (Felis sivestris), dogs (Canis lupus. familiaris), wolves (Canis lupus), large reptiles that include crocodiles (Crocodylinae) and snakes (Serpentes) and Martial Eagles (Polemaetus bellicosus).Helmeted guinea fowl are gamebirds in Africa and are hunted for their meat and for sport. They are
Propithecus verreauxi Verreaux's sifaka
abundant during the wet season. Verreaux's sifakas commonly use alarm calls to warn group members of the presence of a predator. Different alarm calls are given for aerial (harrier hawk, Polyboroides radiatus) and terrestrial predators, which includes fossas (Cyptoprocta ferox) and stray dogs (Canis lupus familaris). Alarm calls are performed by males and females of all ranks in the social hierarchy and are thought to be most effective in group settings. As group size increases the number of individuals
Hemitragus hylocrius Nilgiri tahr
Cymbopogon spp. Anti-predator adaptions in Nilgiri tahrs include group defense and using horns for defense. Native predators of the Nilgiri tahr are the tiger (Panthera tigris), Indian wolves (Canis lupus) and dholes (Cuon alpinus). Another major predator are humans who poach these animals by means of shooting and snaring. Nilgiri tahrs serve as a food source for predators such as tigers, wolves, and dholes. Their grazing maintains grass levels, which suppresses the probability of fire in grassland
Perdix perdix grey partridge
Canis lupus familiaris), American crow (Corvus brachyrynchos), domestic cat (Felis catus), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), raccoon (Procyon lotor), coyote (Canis latrans), and red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the United States. In the European range of the gray partridge, terrestrial predation of adults, eggs, and young comes from domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), domestic cat (Felis catus), stone marten (Martes foina), European badger (Meles meles), short-tailed weasel (Mustela ermine), northern polecat
Thylogale stigmatica red-legged pademelon
predators of T. stigmatica are dingos (Canis lupus dingo), tiger quolls (Dasyurus maculatus), amethystine pythons (Morelia amethistina), and domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). The rate of predation increases following a forest fire, when there is less forest cover. They detect predators by spreading out when foraging. Each pademelon can watch for predators in its vicinity. If a predator is seen, a warning to others in the area is spread by a thumping sound made with the hind legs. The dingo’s main
Lama pacos alpaca
condors (Vultur gryphus), pumas (Puma concolor), and wild cats (Leopardus colocolo and Leopardus jacobitus). Breeders in areas outside the alpaca native range identify coyotes (Canis latrans), wolves (Canis lupus), large cats, and dogs as predators. Most predation will be on young, sick, or old animals, as alpacas are vigilant and will defend themselves with their hooves and spitting their foul stomach contents into the face of a predator. Due to some of their morphological characteristics such as padded
Semnopithecus entellus Hanuman langur
primarily herbivores. Their diet is composed of leaves (52-61%), fruits (15-25%), flowers (4-13%), insects (0.4-3%), and other foods such as bark, gum, and soil (9-16%) (Gron, 2008). More developed leaves are preferred over young leaves. They are not highly selective foragers, and consume human food when available. In times of food shortage, they are known to consume bark. Hanuman langurs are preyed upon by leopards (Panthera pardus), dholes (Cuon alpinus), tigers (Panthera tigris), wolves (Canis lupus
Lepus castroviejoi broom hare
wolves (Canis lupus), large owls (Strigiformes), and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos). Humans also prey on broom hares. Broom hares play a role in the ecosystem as a prey for many predators. They also impact vegetation communities through their browsing. Broom hares are sometimes used as food for humans. There are no known adverse effects of broom hares on humans. They have the potential to cause crop damage if populations are high. There are many different factors that affect broom hare populations
Proteles cristata aardwolf
populations; African farmers mistake these passive hyaenids as threats to livestock and kill aardwolves discovered on their land. Motor vehicle collisions contribute to mortality as well, although aardwolves usually avoid roadways. Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) trained to hunt foxes and jackals will also mistakenly attack aardwolves in the wild. Aardwolves significantly limit termite populations throughout their range, preventing extensive wood damage for both humans and natural habitats. Aardwolf
Sylvilagus insonus Omilteme cottontail
are the only recorded predators of Omilteme cottontails. Pumas (Puma concolor), jaguars (Panthera onca), gray wolves (Canis lupus), coyotes (Canis latrans) and zone-tailed hawks (Buteo albonotatus) frequent the Sierra Madre del Sur region, and are likely predators of Omilteme cottontails. Like other rabbits, they are cryptically colored and can flee quickly for short distances. Omilteme cottontails may impact their habitat through the plants they eat. They are also a food source for many predators (Hall
Taxidea taxus American badger
hunting, automobile fatalities, and poisoning. Other reported predators of American badgers include golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), bobcats (Lynx rufus), cougars (Puma concolor), and coyotes (Canis latrans). Bears (Ursus) and gray wolves (Canis lupus) may also sometimes take badgers. Badgers are important consumers of many small prey items in their ecosystem. They help to control rodent populations, kill venomous snakes, and eat insects and carrion. Their burrows provide shelter for other species and
Gopherus agassizii (Californian) Desert Tortoise
vines, succulents, perennial and annual grasses, herbaceous perennials, and annuals. During rainy seasons, desert tortoises drink large amounts of water from temporary pools. Adult tortoises, with their hard shells, have few natural predators. Only mountain lions (Puma concolor) can crush their shells. Eggs, hatchlings and juveniles are more vulnerable, and are preyed upon by kit foxes (Vulpes velox), coyotes (Canis latrans), feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus
Hippocamelus bisulcus Chilean guemal
consuming 9 other plants in smaller amounts. They also included herbs in family Asteraceae, Chilean blackcurrant Ribes magellanicum and plants from the genus Nothofagus - known as southern beech trees. Chilean huemuls face a number of predators, including humans (Homo sapiens) who hunt them. These deer are also preyed upon by domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), wolves (Canis lupus), pumas (Puma concolor), and culpeo foxes (Lycalopex culpaeus).Huemuls run to escape predators, and use camouflage to evade
Neotoma goldmani Goldman's woodrat
helps the woodrat avoid the extreme daytime heat typical of desert environments while taking advantage of cooler nighttime temperatures to forage. Goldman’s woodrat (Neotoma goldmani) faces predation from a variety of desert predators, including the coyote (Canis latrans), long-tailed weasels (Mustela frenata neomexicana), Mexican wolf (Canis lupus baileyi), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), and Western screech owl (Megascops kennicotti). To avoid these threats, N. goldmani employs several anti-predator
Isoodon macrourus northern brown bandicoot
and distal colon, compared to the bacteria profiles in the small intestine. The bacterial profiles found within the gastrointestinal tract of I. macrourus are dominated by Clostridium and Ruminococcus species. In urban settings, northern brown bandicoots can also be found foraging in residential yards for such pet food and compost material. Predators of northern brown bandicoots, native to the Australian biogeographic region, include goannas (Varanus varius), dingos (Canis lupus dingo), spotted-tail quolls
Athene cunicularia burrowing owl
chrysaetos). Burrowing owls have many other predators such as foxes, coyotes (Canis latrans), domestic cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), badgers (Taxidea taxus), Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana), bobcat (Lynx rufus), cougar (Puma concolor), weasels, skunks and humans (Homo sapiens). Humans are predatory because farmers fill in the burrows in their pastures. Reptiles also can take eggs from the nest. When attacked or forced to defend the nest, burrowing owls can scream, cluck and
Sterna caspia Caspian tern
topsmelt (Atherinops affinis), staghorn sculpin (Leptocottus armatus), and juvenile salmon (Oncorhynchus). Most predation is on eggs and hatchlings, which may be taken by a wide variety of avian, terrestrial, and aquatic predators. Reported predators on eggs and hatchlings include gull species (Larus), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), common ravens (Corvus corvax), domestic cats (Felis catus), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), striped skunks (Mephitis
Megadyptes antipodes yellow-eyed penguin
are threatened or endangered. Megadyptes antipodes falls under the crucial category because they are a threatened species. The key predators that threaten M. antipodes are terrestrial mammals that were introduced by humans. These predators include ferrets Mustela furo, feral house cats Felis catus, humans, and domestic dogs Canis lupus familiaris. Mustela furo and F. catus are responsible for predation of newly born penguins, while humans and C. lupus familiaris are the only terrestrial mammals that are
Dasyurus quolls
coastal scrub, grassland, savanna, and rocky areas. They are also skilled climbers, and some species spend significant amounts of time in trees. They do not tend to coexist with other mammalian predators including dingoes (Canis lupus dingo), invasive red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and feral cats (Felis catus), as they are generally outcompeted or regarded as a prey item. Dens are made in tree hollows, rock piles, and burrows, and are chosen based on the availability of prey in their vicinity. Quolls do not
Corvus caurinus north-western crow; northwestern crow
caurinus relies greatly on roosting partners for protection. They alert one another to predators with calls and then mob the potential predator and create a deafening noise by calling together. They tend to perch above predators and call down at them. They have been seen mobbing northern harriers (Circus cyaneus), hawks (Accipiter striatus and Buteo jamaicensis) , owls (Tyto alba, Asio flammeus and Asio otus), gray squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis), domestic cats (Felis silvestris), dogs (Canis lupus
Lasiurus xanthinus western yellow bat
sawflies), Lepidoptera (moths), Coleoptera (beetles), and Orthoptera (grasshoppers).Western yellow bat pups depend on their mothers for nourishment until they are able to fly. Western yellow bats have known predators that include barn owls (Tyto alba), domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), and domestic/feral cats (Felis catus). Other similar roosting bats have predators like roadrunners (Geococcyx californianus). Raccoons (Procyon lotor) have been found disturbing tree-roosting bat species but do not
Dendrolagus lumholtzi Lumholtz's tree kangaroo
often high in the canopy, they are hard to find. Known predators are feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), dingoes (Canis lupus dingo), and humans (Homo sapiens). They are also probably eaten by amethystine pythons (Morelia amethistina), which are known predators of Bennett’s tree kangaroos. It is possible that juveniles are hunted by wedge-tailed eagles (Aquila audax). As generalist arboreal folivores, Lumholtz’s tree kangaroos fill a broad ecological niche. They occur sympatrically with other arboreal
Camelus bactrianus Bactrian camel
bactrianus has evolved in a particularly harsh environment that is unfit for the majority of predators. However, leopards (Panthera pardus) and wolves (Canis lupus) are sometimes found roaming around the colder regions of Asia. Camels aren't the leopards and wolves' primary target because of the camels' enormous size and difficulty in killing. These predators mainly ignore camels unless they are starving. Humans (Homo sapiens) are the camels' biggest threat, as they are harvested for meat, hides, wool
Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos blue duck
factors contributing to their endangered status. Blue ducks are heavily preyed on by introduced mammals, which have contributed significantly to population declines. Introduced predators include rats (Rattus), feral cats (Felis catus), feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), stoats (Mustela erminea), ferrets (Mustela putorius), and least weasels (Mustela nivalis). Native predators of eggs include brush-tailed possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) and wekas (Gallirallus australis). Hatchlings can also be taken by
Galliformes chicken-like birds; megapodes, curassows, pheasants, quails, and relatives
of gallinaceous birds include: snakes (suborder Serpentes), foxes (family Canidae), feral cats (Felis silvestris), feral dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), raptors (order Falconiformes), rodents (order Rodentia), raccoons (Procyon lotor), civet cats (family Viverridae) and corvids (family Corvidae). Gallinaceous birds may play important ecosystem roles as seed dispersers and seed predators. Cracids may be biological indicators of habitat quality. Many gallinaceous birds are economically important to humans
Glis glis fat dormouse
primary food sources are not available (Krystufek, 2010). There are at least 14 known vertebrates that prey on fat dormice. Owls are their main source of predation, including barn owls (Tyto alba), Eurasian tawny owls (Strix aluco), long-eared owls (Asio otus), and little owls (Athene noctua). Other predators include golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), roof rats (Rattus rattus), gray wolves (Canis lupus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), brown bears (Ursus arctos), European pine martens (Martes martes), wildcats
Sylvilagus aquaticus swamp rabbit
include domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis), and humans (Homo sapiens). This species is the 2nd most hunted rabbit in the United States. They use a combination of cryptic coloration and "freezing" to avoid being detected and a rapid, irregular jumping pattern when fleeting to avoid capture. Swamp rabbits are important prey in their native ecosystems and their herbivory influences plant communities.Swamp rabbits are affected by several parasites which
Spermophilus madrensis Sierra Madre ground squirrel
the area may include Canis lupus, Ursus americanus and Felis concolor. Other carnivores in the area may also feed on them. Because they are small and diurnal, S. madrensis are probably also preyed upon by hawks. Information on this specific ground squirrel was not available. As burrowers, these animals probably help to aerate the soil. As a small prey species, these squirrels undoubtedly afffect predator populations. As seed eaters, they probably play some role is dispersing seeds.A similar species
Scalopus aquaticus eastern mole
cannot fit into eastern mole tunnels, with the exception of mustelids (family Mustelidae) and snakes (order Squamata). Occasionally, when eastern moles do exit their burrows, they may be spotted and eaten by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), coyotes (Canis latrans), domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), domestic cats (Felis domesticus), raccoons (Procyon lotor), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), red-shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus), broad-winged hawks (Buteo