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Southern Australia (Walker 1999). Burrows in loamy soil in grassland or wetland and river areas (Walker 1999). Pobblebonk frogs have warty skin, thick, short legs, and round heads. Ground color is dark to pale grey with dark to bronze marking on the sides. Large glands are visible at the edge of the mouth and tibia region of the leg (Walker 1999). Webbing on the toes may stretch up to 1/4 the length of the toe. Pobblebonk frogs also have prominent teeth (Latham Bathfrog 1999). Adults reach 52-83 mm in size
dorsum and a lemon yellow granular ventral surface. There is little green coloring on the limbs, except for the upper forearms and the tibia; the rest of the limb is yellow. The thighs are deep purple, and L. chloris' irises are bright red-orange with a horizontal pupil. This tree frog has a typical Hylidae build with long, slender limbs and webbed hands and feet with large toe discs. A distinct tympanum is noticable (Hicks 1999). Males call from October to February, during and after very heavy rain (Baker
another modification of the claw region, which is actually an extension of the tibia, called the thumb of the tibia which allows it to grasp the flattened hairs of the pubic region of humans. Another distinguishing feature is the four pairs of tubercles, which stick out on each side of the animal's abdomen. Lice breathe through spiracles at the ends of these para-tergal sclerites leading to the tracheal system. All lice exhibit hemimetabolous development, consisting of three life stages: egg, nymph, and
Macrophyllum macrophyllum long-legged bat
Harrison,1975). M. macrophyllum can be distinguished by its long tail enclosed within the broad interfemoral membrane, which is studded on the ventral side with a distinctive row of about seven vertical lines of dots, each ending with a bump on the straight rear edge of the tail membrane (Reid,1997). The wing membrane extends from the distal end of the tibia. The dorsum is dark brown and the ventral side is paler, and the wings and tail membrane are brown. Hair becomes paler toward the base and the wings
of legs, with the first set being slightly shorter than the rest. They have three pairs of spines located beneath the tibia. The abdomen of Marpissa formosa is marked with an angular central band. This genus is well-known for having short bodies and a large set of eyes. Females of this species are dark brown, with a narrow black band and occasionally some white scales. The first pair of legs are brown and the rest are yellow. Males are a darker shade of brown with the narrow black band with patches of white
spines on the first and second legs except under tibiae and metatarsi. The genus Misumena is identified within its subfamily Misumeninae by the shape and structure of the clypeus, the front of the cephalothorax (the front body section, where the eyes are). Females lay eggs. The spiderlings that hatch out look like mini-adults. As they grow they have to shed their skins, but they do not change their general shape. In the male of this species the reproductive organ is represented by what's called a "palp
bees can be found in cold temperate to warm subtropic climates. Some species of this genus may create nests underground. Others may steal nests from other bumble bees. Bumble bees have a distinctive yellow and black striped pattern. Some species have orange or reddish colors too. They have short, pale yellow hairs on their thoraxes and black hairs on their heads, abdomens, and legs. Females have corbicula (pollen baskets) on their hind tibiae. Males and females of some species have differing facial colors
Melanoplus differentialis Differential Grasshopper
light spots. The hind femora (upper hind leg) is yellow in color with a black herringbone pattern. The hind tibiae (lower hind limbs) are yellow with black spines. They have yellowish tarsi. Protonum and forewings are glossy and uniform. The shape of males cercus differs from those of females. Some adults may be nearly black in color. This polymorphic form is found mostly in Colorado and northeast to South Dakota and Nebraska. However, they can be found randomly in other populations. Differential
50 mm and it is oval in form and weakly convex. The intercoxal process of the prosternum is smooth and slightly convex with a weak lateral ridge that extends anteriorly as far as the anterior margin of the coxa. C. quatuordecimguttata has 2 spurs on the apex of the middle and hind tibia. Eggs are laid in the early spring by adults that have overwintered. After larvae emerge and then pupate, like other Coccinellidae, adults live for a few weeks in the summer until the weather cools. The final generation
scorpions is unusual in that they use simultaneous extension of the femur-patella joint and the patella-tibia joint for movement. When threatened, they usually flee rather than fight, but if cornered in a small space, they turn aggressive and go into a defensive posture with their stinger ready. Emperor scorpions are social animals and have been observed living in colonies of up to 15 individuals. Cannibalism has been observed in this species, but it is rare. Little information is available regarding the
Aeropedellus clavatus Clubhorned Grasshopper
bottom of the eye to the mandible, with an anterior vertical white band. Males have forewings that extend to or beyond the end of the abdomen, while females have much shorter forewings. The front tibiae is also thicker in males.Nymphs resemble adults, though lacking wings and the antennal club. They are identifiable by their strongly slanted face, flat antennae, and the narrow light line behind the eye, which runs along the side of the head onto the body. The last two instars have erect wing pads, which the
Pteropus hypomelanus variable flying fox
found at elevations ranging from sea level to greater than 900 meters in the Philippines, but it is uncommon to find them in montane upland forest and submontane rainforest. However, variable flying foxes are found no higher than 100 meters above sea level in the Conflict Islands. Forested areas of small to medium sized islands and lowland and disturbed forests are the main habitat of P. hypomelanus. They can be found in broadleaf forests, coconut groves, and orchards. A naked dorsal tibia distinguishes P
Neovison macrodon sea mink
early 1900s. It has been debated whether Neovison macrodon was a distinct species, rather than a subspecies of N. vison. Neovison macrodon, however, had a larger skull, mandible, humerus, radius, femur, and tibia, and as well as distinctive dental characteristics
Ctenocephalides felis blokha
ctenidium and a genal ctenidium with more than 5 teeth. The morphology of cat fleas is similar to that of dog fleas, Ctenocephalides canis, but cat fleas have a characteristic sloping forehead. The hind tibia is also different from other flea species in that it lacks an outer apical tooth. All members of the order Siphonaptera have powerful muscles containing resilin, a highly elastic protein, in their legs, which allows these fleas to leap as high as 33 cm.Flea larvae resemble tiny maggots with short
Myonycteris torquata little collared fruit bat
have variable coloration. Their upper body often ranges from light- to dark brown, but they may also be red- or yellow brown in some cases. Males have a collar of course hairs around their neck that ranges in color from olive to yellow. Little collared fruit bats resemble Angolan fruit bats, especially as juveniles or young adults; however, little collared fruit bats have a much shorter forearm and a hairless distal area on their tibia and webbed hind-foot toes. Little collared fruit bats exhibit year long
Myotis californicus California myotis
and pale in colour, while in the forests of the Pacific Northwest and the forested highlands of Mexico, it is darker in colour. There is no distinct sexual dimorphism in this species, although females are, on average, larger than males in most comparisons. The ears, wings and tail membranes are black. The ears are relatively long and extend beyond the nose when pushed forward. The hind foot is small, less than half the length of the tibia (6-9 mm). The dental formula is 2/3 1/1 3/3 3/3 = 38. The calcar is
Tarsius tarsier spectral tarsier
toilet claws. Spectral tarsiers are thought to be the most primitive tarsiers, as they lack disks on the ends of their fingers.Tarsiers are among the smallest known primates. Their head-body length ranges from 9.5 to 14 cm and tail length ranges from 20 to 26 cm. Total length ranges from 29.5 to 40 cm. Spectral tarsiers have long legs that are specialized for their saltatory form of locomotion; they can jump more than 40 times the length of their body. The tibia and fibula are fused together and act as a
Rana boylii Foothill Yellow-legged Frog
whitish to yellowish, with a gradient towards yellow at the posterior end of the body and hind limbs. The throat and anterior surface of the femurs often display the most mottling. These frogs typically have a broad and pointed head. The tympanum is small and not very evident, usually covered with small tubercles, as is the rest of the dorsal body skin. The tibia is elongated and extends more than half the length of the body, with a shorter hind foot that barely reaches half of the tibia length. The hind
of hooked mandibles and two palpi that have a pronged claw at the end. The idiosoma has all the legs attached to it throughout its life cycle as well as stigmata between the legs that serves as a tracheal system. Segmented legs are composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, genu, tibia, and tarsus. A dorsal sclerotized plate, the scutum, is the site for psuedostigmata and sensillary bases and the anal opening is further posterior. Chiggers go through four developmental stages during their life cycle: egg, larva
Aproteles bulmerae Bulmer's fruit bat
is paler and whitish, but surrounded by a margin of dense, brown fur. Sexual dimorphism is not noted, but this may be due to a lack of data. The forearm and tibia are mostly naked (Flannery & Seri 1993). On the second digit of the wing, there is a brown and well-developed claw. Bulmer's fruit bats are most easily distinguished from all other bats by the complete lack of upper and lower incisors. The dental formula is 0/0, 1/1, 2/3, 2/3 = 24 (Bonaccorso 1998). The mating system of Bulmer's fruit bats is
four pairs of legs which fan out radially from the connecting carapace and sternum. Each leg has seven segments: a coxa and a trochanter, which are both short; a long femur and a kneelike patella; a slender tibia and metatarsus; and finally a tarsus with three claws. The first pair of legs are relatively long and used as feelers for probing the environment. Sensory hairs densely cover the distal leg segments. The external sex organs of males and females are observed ventrally. Both male and female genital
Trimerotropis maritima Seaside Locust
light gray to medium gray-brown, and they are marked with darker brown speckles all over the head, body, legs, and forewings. The degree of speckling is quite variable, even at a single location, but it generally good camouflage. The hind tibia are yellow or orange, and the inner faces of the hind femora have two complete black bands. The basal third of each hindwing is yellow, with a wide black or dark brown band on the outer edge of the yellow portion. The remainder of the wing is clear. Like all
The front row has a straight line of four eyes, and the back row has the remaining four eyes in a U shape. There are three claws on each tarsus (part of an arthropod leg immediately distal to the tibia, usually divided into a number of segments or tarsomeres). The first step in the reproduction of nursery web spiders is courtship. Male spiders usually court a female by offering her a "nuptial gift." The male captures a fly or some other insect and spins a cocoon around it, then offers it to the female. This
Chilonatalus micropus Cuban lesser funnel-eared bat
of which are divided, while the remaining four are continuous across the palate. The ribs of C. micropus are fused together, and fused to the sternum with sutures visible. The ribs and sternum come together to form a bell-shaped structure. Vertebrae C7 to T3 are fused, as well as those of T11 to L5. The location of the attachment of the wing membrane to the leg differs among species. In Cuban lesser funnel-eared bats, the wings attach to the legs where the middle and distal thirds of the tibia meet. The
Amblyomma maculatum Gulf Coast tick
notum but males do not. A comma shaped spiracular plate is seen in both sexes along with a caudal process of the plate which is about half the size of the last festoon. Both the male and female A. maculatum have palpal femurs that double the length of their palpal genu and have chitinous tubercles on the back side of the festoons. While these tubercles are present they are fairly minute and are completely missing on the central festoon. The second to fourth tibia of the ticks have spines and the basis
Elephantulus rozeti North African elephant-shrew; North African sengi
anterior end of the snout. Long sensory whiskers (vibrissae) arise from the base of the snout. The hindlimbs, which superficially resemble those of small antelopes, are longer than the forelimbs. This unique characteristic is probably an adaptation for cursorial and ricochetal locomotion. The tibia and fibula are long and fused. The metatarsals are lengthened, and the ulna and radius are also long, thus lengthening the stride and contributing to high-speed running and jumping. Members of this species have
pyramidatus form has a paler abdomen, with a large dark brown irregular-shaped spot near the end of their abdomen. There are also intermediates between these two forms. Marbled orb-weavers have orange eggs that are about 1.15 mm wide. They can be distinguished from other members of genus Araneus, particularly shamrock orb-weavers, by differences in the spines on their tibiae. Spine patterns are mostly consistent within species. Marbled orb-weavers also have two types of tibial spines. Species of genus
Lavia frons yellow-winged bat
of bats is their forearm length. Females have forearm lengths of 55 to 63 mm; males, from 55 to 60 mm. Ear length of females ranges from 36 to 47 millimeters and for males, from 35 to 45 mm. The tibia length ranges from 33 to 37 mm for females and from 32 to 36 mm for males. The length of the skull ranges from 23.3 mm to 26.1 mm for females and 22.8 to 25.0 mm for males (Rosevear, 1965). Members of this species have prominent postorbital processes.The dental formula is 0/2 1/1 1/2 3/3 (upper/lower incisors
exists on each pleuron. On the sides of segment three of the abdomen is a black pile. Tarsal claws of forelegs are much smaller than those of other legs. The fore tibia have either prominent spines or the sides of abdomen are found to have long, flattened scales, but the fly never has both characters. Villa alternata typically has a rounded head. The males have a brilliant mat of silvery patagial scales. On the wing of genus Villa, the forking of the radial sector takes place at or near the r-m cross-vein
Macroglossus sobrinus greater long-tongued fruit bat
through which the tongue protrudes. The gap between the lower incisors is larger relative to the upper gap. The incisors are forward-sloping and small, and the canines are short and sharp. The long pelage of Macroglossus sobrinus lacks markings. It is soft, fine, and light reddish-brown, with the chest colored lighter than the head. On the dorsal surface, the pelage is uniformly clay-brown. Hairs are present the inner wing membranes, forearms, and upper surface of the tibiae. Members of this species exhibit
Development times in sexually reproductive and parthenogenetic populations are similar. Holocyclic populations of Macrosiphum euphorbiae (where the aphid life cycle includes both parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction) occur only in North America. Anholocyclic populations (in which female aphids reproduce only by parthenogenesis) occur throughout the rest of its global range. Egg-laying females (oviparae) produce a pheromone to attract male mates. The pheromone is produced by a gland on the hind tibia, and
Nycteris grandis large slit-faced bat
Nycteridae. They have large ears, ranging from 28 to 35 mm; this can be as much as 50% of their forearm length. The forearms range from 57 to 66 mm, and their tibias range in length from 29.5 to 33.5 mm. Large slit-faced bats have trifid incisors, that is, their incisors are divided into three narrow parts or lobes. A few dimensions of their skulls are as follows: length of skull, 26-27 mm, breadth of zygomatic arch, 16-17 mm, length of maxillary tooth row, 9.1-9.7 mm and width of the maxillary 10.4-11.1 mm
for locomotion. Six legs are attached to the anterior region of the thorax. The legs consist of three segments: the femur (the segment attached to the thorax or abdomen), the tibia, and lastly the tarsus. Forewings called hemielyra are attached basally to the thorax, and lay on the abdomen. The pronotum and the scutellum are the main segments of the thorax. Finally, the abdomen is specialized for reproduction and digestion. Overall body color is brown with yellow and/or red stripes on the abdominal
Pseudacris triseriata Western Chorus Frog
triangle or other figure between the eyes. A dark stripe runs from the snout through the eyes and eardrums and can continue along side of the groin. They have 3 dark brown or gray longitudinal stripes down their backs. These stripes are rarely broken into streaks or spots or absent. They have a whitish belly with dark stippling on the chest. Males have dark throats during the breeding season. The length of the tibia (lower hind limb) is approximately half the head-body length. Also, the ends of the toes
Elephantulus intufi bushveld elephant-shrew; bushveld sengi
physical characteristics of other macroscelidids, with their small, laterally compressed bodies, narrow elephant-like snouts, large eyes, large pinnae, and long hind limbs, from which the order gets its name (macro = big, sceledia = thigh). The hindlimbs are longer than the forelimbs and adapted for swift, cursorial locomotion. Their incredible stride is enabled by their relatively long ulna and radius, fused tibia and fibula, and elongated metatarsals. Bushveld sengis also use their powerful hind limbs to
legs are an outer pair and medial claws, which are covered with setae. A tiny pentagonal sclerotized shield houses a pair of eyes, a pair of sensilla, five ciliated setae, and flagella. Paired chelicerae and palps lie laterally to the gnathostoma. The palpal tibia contains a claw with three forks, and ciliated setae cover the palpal tarsus; movable digits permit host attachment.Adults of N. autumnalis are among the largest of the mites and can be up to 2 mm in length. They have a wide back plate and two
heavier than males. Female B. klaasi body size ranges from 50 to 75 mm, and weigh between 19.7 and 50 grams. Male weight ranges from 10 to 45 grams. These spiders are colorful, by our standards. Brachypelma klaasi has a black carapace, tarsi, femora, and coxae, and orange-yellow metatarsi, tibias, and patellas. The hairs on the opistosoma are also orange-yellow in color. Although this sounds flashy, these spiders are actually well camoflauged in their natural environment, and are quite difficult to see on
Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat
nostrils. The tragus in the ear is short and blunt. The hindfoot is half as long as the tibia and has thick fur on the dorsal side. The thumbs are long. The calcar is twice as long as the hindfoot and is narrowly keeled on the posterior edge, bearing lobes on the tip. These bats have four mammary glands.Thick, long, soft hair covers the entire dorsal surface extending to the elbow, the median ventral border of the undersides of the wings, the ventral side of the long bones that make up the upper arm and
Ceuthophilus latens Black-sided Camel Cricket
orange-brown. On each side of a broad pale dorsal line on its back is a dark brown band. The legs are the same beige color as the body, with dark brown spots usually arranged in rows. The hind femora are significantly longer than the body. One distinguishing feature of this species is the spines on the hind tibia, which are black at the base. Ceuthophilus latens resembles Ceuthophilus lapidicola, but C. latens has more robust caudal femora, and the supra-anal plate differs between the species. Ceuthophilus
slightly upturned, and the ovipositor typically is 1 to 1.4 times longer than the hind tibia. The end of the ovipositor shaft narrows to a distinctly thin point. In addition, females have claws with a large basal lobe, while males have simple claws.Cocoons often are pale yellow, but have been observed as bright orange in some cases. The color of the cocoon grows darker with time, and the larva is just visible through the thin walls of the cocoon. An adult female of the wasp Hymenoepimecis argyraphaga
Lepus oiostolus woolly hare
availability of vegetation, such as bushes, for hiding. Hares evade predators by outrunning them and baffling predators by backtracking. Their long legs, big hind feet, and distally fused fibula and tibia reduce weight on the leg while giving it extra strength. For example, a research team in Tibet saw a woolly hare dodging an upland buzzard until the bird gave-up and left. Although most hares are solitary, European hares form large communal groups. The is no information available regarding the home ranges
Coccinella septempunctata sevenspotted lady beetle
predators, but chemical signals are also a major defense component. Coccinella septempunctata has several toxic N-oxides and alkaloids that exude from the gland between the femora and tibia. These chemicals can be released due to threats or attacks from predators and can account for up to 20% of the body weight of the beetle. These compounds are highly toxic to many common beetle predators like birds and small mammals. Spiders are also known to prey on Coccinella septempunctata larvae. Intraguild predation
Nesomimus parvulus Galapagos mockingbird
is a series of tail and wing flicks, as well as moving towards and away from an intruder. Small chirps are made from both parties as well as bystanders. Sometimes dancing would lead to pecking or chasing away the intruder.Galápagos mockingbirds have adequate eyesight due to their ability to identify other mockingbirds by the markings on the face. They use vision to forage on the ground. Most birds have corpuscles in their tibias so they can sense vibrations while perched. This may help when locating
significantly larger at 5.0 to 6.0 mm in length. Workers are wingless, while queens and males have wings, although queens lose their wings after mating. These ants have one large petiole, large compound eyes, and a well-defined stinger. Their head is long, and their pronotum and mesonotum are convex in profile. Their head, pronotum, coxae, tibia, and gaster are covered in light, yellowish hair that gives them a bronze luster. Asian needle ants are holometabolous, undergoing complete metamorphosis. Their
femoral spines of the mantis forearms, and then the mantis tibias close to grasp the prey. Mantises hold their prey in their forearms while they feed, and the prey may still be alive as the mantis begins to eat.Tenodera aridifolia is mostly flightless, though males fly short distances occasionally. Females do not fly, despite having wings. These mantids do not fly in pursuit of prey; instead, by waiting among tall plants, they can use their modified front legs to grab or spear the prey that flies past
Megaceryle alcyon belted kingfisher
have 11 primary feathers and 12 to 15 secondary feathers. Belted kingfishers are a stout birds weighing an average of 150 grams. Their feet are proportionally small, the tarsus is short, and the tibia is featherless. The hallux is shorter than the inner and outer most toes. The inner toes are fused together, which is known as syndactyly. This fusion results in what appears to be a single long flattened toe which the bird uses to excavate nesting cavities. The outermost toe is as long as the fused toes, and
Phoenicopterus chilensis Chilean flamingo
Chilean flamingos have a wingspan of 127 to 153 cm, weigh between 2.5 and 3.5 kg, and are 79 to 145 cm tall. Flamingos molt once every breeding cycle and the only distinguishing feature between males and females is that males are slightly larger. Chilean flamingos in general are shorter than greater flamingos. All flamingos lack feathers on the lower part of the tibia (above the heel) and their legs are slightly bent. However, only Chilean flamingos have green-grayish to light blue colored legs with deep
Pluvialis dominica American golden plover
surrounding grasslands. In spring they migrate to arctic tundra regions. American golden plovers closely resemble Pacific golden plovers (Pulvialis fulva), and the two were originally thought to be the same species. Both have wing undersides that are a grey-brown color and their wings are almost identical in size. American golden plovers have a longer, thinner body with a shorter neck and larger head, a tibia that is shorter than its bill, and a shorter bill relative to head size than Pacific golden plovers
longer than the stylet. A common feature of S. venustum is a white-banded tibia. Their wings are without ornamentation and do not have scales or hairs. Heavy veins line the edges of the anterior side of the wings. Simulium venustum possess short antennae with eleven small segments. This species features large round compound eyes in both males and females. In females, the compound eyes are dichoptic, which means separated on top of the head. This is contrary to males, who are holoptic, eyes are not
covered in silver-white scales. Their thorax is brown or black, with a wide median stripe of dark brown, and their sides are white. Their scutellum is dark brown. Their abdomen is blue-black, with patches of white laterally. Their wings are about 3.5 to 4.0 mm in length, with dark scales. Their hind femurs are yellowish-white, and dark towards the ends. Femora, tibia, and tarsi are all black. Larvae are long and thin, with segmented bodies, and are typically cream colored or brown. They have a breathing