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Avahi laniger avahi; woolly lemur
energy. These lemurs spend long periods of time sleeping. They are highly social animals, forming particularly close and long-lasting family ties.(Harcourt, 1991; Nowak, 1991) Group ranges of eastern woolly lemurs (A. laniger laniger) are 1 to 2 ha in size and do not overlap, indicating some degree of territoriality. This is not the case in western woolly lemurs (A. laniger occidentalis), where home ranges may reach 4 ha. As in other primates, it is likely that these animals use a variety of modalities of
Callicebus donacophilus Bolivian titi
primates.Because they are frugivores, Bolivian titi monkeys may play a small role in seed dispersal.The main parasites found in neotropical primates, including Bolivian titi monkeys, are trypanosomes (Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma rangeli, Trypanosoma minasense, and Trypanosoma devei), which are a prevalent cause of infection. Bolivian titi monkeys may play a part in drawing tourists to forested areas of Bolivia. There are no known adverse effects of Bolivian titi monkeys on humans. Although populations
Alouatta caraya black howler monkey
can be found in zoos. A. caraya are also hunted for meat and fur.(Muckenhirn 1976, Shoemaker 1979) Alouatta caraya are threatened by clear-cutting and selective logging since they are heavily reliant on the biodiversity of predominantly primary forests for their diet. Some populations are more threatened than others. According to the Priority Primate Conservation Projects for the Neotropical Region from the Revised Global Action Plan for Primate Conservation, A. caraya, in the Argentine provinces of Formosa
Chiropotes albinasus white-nosed bearded saki
Chiropotes albinasus, the White-nosed Saki, is a primate found in Brazil, south of the Amazon river and between the Xingu and Madeira rivers. White-nosed Sakis are often found in high forests, flooded forests and far from rivers mainly at the "crown' level of trees. Often sakis are found in dense and moist rainforests. Sakis never use the same sleeping tree for two consecutive nights. (Grizmek 1988; Flannery 2000; Grizmek 1977) White-nosed Saki males weigh, on average, 3.1 kg (6.8 lbs), and females weigh 2
Cercopithecus ascanius black-cheeked white-nosed monkey
future of this primate species.Redtail monkeys are also threatened by predation. They are potential prey for chimpanzees, crowned hawk-eagles, wild cats, and humans (Kingdon, 1984; Leland and Struhsaker, 1993).Redtail monkey populations are depleted by distraught farmers that view them as pests and shoot them on sight (Leland and Struhsaker, 1993). Redtail monkeys are commonly found in close association with other primate species, such as red colobus, mangabeys, and blue monkeys. Redtail monkeys form an
Miopithecus talapoin talapoin
from this core area on daily foraging trips.Captive juvenile males are more active, assertive, and playful than females. Also, juvenile males take part in all types of social play and were avoided by other monkeys more than females (Wolfheim, 1977). As in all primates, communication in this species is likely to be complex. Both vocalizations and visual signals (such as body posture and facial expressions) are used by primates to communicate with conspecifics. In addition, tactile communication may play some
Ateles hybridus brown spider monkey
facilitates swinging and gripping branches and is an adaptation to their strictly arboreal lifestyle. Spider monkeys are the biggest of all the New World primates, an adult male brown spider monkey weighs between 7.9 and 9.1 kg and an adult female weighs between 7.5 and 9 kg. The average body length for adult individuals is around 50 cm. Their coloration ranges from light brown to dark on upper parts including the head. The inner side of the legs, arms and tail are a lighter, more buff color. Another
Saimiri vanzolinii black squirrel monkey
Black squirrel monkeys (Saimiri vanzolinii) are native to the tropical rainforests of South America; however, the geographic range of this species is the smallest of all South American primates. These animals live only in northern Brazil in a small section of Amazonian floodplain at the convergence of the Amazon and Japura rivers. Their range reaches as far west as the Paraná AuatĂ-Paraná and is situated in a corner of Brazil’s Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve. Excluding swamp areas scattered
Cacajao melanocephalus black uakari
development of infants and juveniles. In the more well-studied sister taxon C. calvus, the age of sexual maturity for females is approximately 43 months, with first pregnancy occurring soon thereafter. The offspring of C. calvus are weaned after approximately 550 days. The adult body size of C. melanocephalus is slightly smaller than that of C. calvus, thus the lengths of time for these life-history features in C. melanocephalus may be somewhat shorter. A typical primate trait is extended postnatal care of
Procolobus verus olive colobus
The ecosystem role of these animals is not well understood. We may assume that to the extent that other animals prey upon these monkeys, they serve as a control on predator populations. They may also help to disperse seeds. Procoloby verus is hunted by humans for food. There are no known adverse effects of P. verus on humans. However, as primates, they may carry some of the same disease organisms which affect people. Although this species is not of special conservation concern, all primates are listed as
Aotus nancymaae Ma's night monkey
Aotus nancymaae have characteristically large eyes. Their hands are well developed for grasping, capable of more independent movement than other New World primates (Moynihan, 1976). A post caudal gland is present and enlarged in both sexes; this is used for marking territory. The genitalia of adult A. nancymaae are brightly colored and displayed (Aquino and Encarnacion 1986b). Aotus nancymaae live in small groups, consisting of a monogamous breeding pair and up to the three of their most recent offspring
Alouatta seniculus red howler monkey
Alouatta seniculus have the widest geographical distribution of all the New World primates. Red howler monkeys range throughout the northern half of South America, from Colombia to Bolivia. Alouatta seniculus are slightly sexually dimorphic. Females have a body length of 46-57 centimeters; males, which are larger, have a body length of 49-72 cm. Both sexes have a long, prehensile tail of approximately 49-75 cm. The coat color of males and females is a deep reddish-brown, although the shade varies slightly
Propithecus candidus silky sifaka; silky simpona
as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. It is also listed on Appendix I of CITES. Additionally, it was included on both the International Primatological Society and Conservation International lists of the world’s 25 most endangered primates in 2008. Propithecus candidus is one of the most critically endangered lemurs in Madagascar. There are an estimated 250 adult individuals remaining today, a number that is most probably decreasing. The greatest threats to silky sifakas are habitat disturbance
Gorilla beringei eastern gorilla
Mountain, or eastern gorillas, Gorilla beringei, are found in the Virunga volcanoes that separate the Democratic Republic of Congo from Rwanda and Uganda. Mountain gorillas inhabit the montane cloud forest of the Virunga range. Occasionally they go into the afro-alpine meadows (4,000 m) where temperatures are subfreezing at night and there is little suitable food to forage on. Gorillas are the largest primate, with average lengths of 150 cm for females and 185 cm for males. They are highly sexually
Saguinus midas Midas tamarin
orange-red or yellow. There are claws on all digits except for the big toe, which has the flattened nail characteristic of primates. Also, the thumb lacks a saddle joint and is not opposable. There are specialized scent glands in the midchest and around the genitalia, the secretions of which are used to mark territory and convey information about identity, status, and sexual receptivity of individuals. The young are cared for by all adult members of a group, with males and other females assisting at birth
Papio baboons
disperse seeds. They pull forbs to eat their bulbs and eat tubers, contributing to soil aeration. As prey items, they are likely important to several predator species, depending upon the importance of these primates in the diets of the predators. Baboons are large, active animals. They are therefore of interest to ecotourists. In Saudi Arabia, some local people feed hamadryas baboons, and some populations are reported to feed off garbage found in dumps. Baboons are heavily used in biomedical research. IUCN
Propithecus coquereli Coquerel's sifaka; Coquerel's mouse lemur
of many studies that may provide insight on the evolutionary history of primates, specifically that of humans. They have also been the subject of various research efforts, including those investigating the evolution of color vision, female dominated society, evolution of paternal care, and causes of speciation. Coquerel's sifakas are commonly hunted by the people of Madagascar. In addition, because lemurs are endemic to Madagascar, the emerging eco-tourism industry benefits significantly from their presence
Hapalemur aureus golden bamboo lemur
of Andringitra and a tentative southern limit is placed at the Manampatrana River. Golden bamboo lemurs are arboreal primates restricted to bamboo patches in the southeastern Madagascar rainforest. With a diet specializing in giant bamboo (Cathariostachys madagascarensis), it is not surprising to find bamboo as an important habitat requirement for golden bamboo lemurs. A 2003 survey of lemurs in Ranomafana National Park documented a minimum of two C. madagascarensis stands per site. Each bamboo stand
Pongo abelii Sumatran orangutan
fruiting trees occur, but Sumatran orangutans can be found up to 1,000 to 1,500 m. Sumatran orangutans are the largest non-human primates in Asia and the largest arboreal primates. They have long, fine red hair on their bodies and faces. Males have large cheek pads that are covered in a fine white hairs.The arm span, from finger tip to finger tip, is 2.25 m. The legs are small and weak compared to their muscular arms. There is sexual dimorphism between males and females. Female weights range from 30 to 50
Hylobates muelleri Borneo gibbon
are active for 8 to 10 hours per day. These animals are diurnal, rising at dawn and settling for the night before sunset. Males tend to become active earlier and for longer periods than females. Gray gibbons spend most of their day foraging in the main canopy of the forest.Gray gibbons are social creatures but do not spend as much time in social interaction as do some other primate species. Grooming and social play take up less than 5 percent of the daily activities. The lack of interaction may be due to
Ateles geoffroyi Central American spider monkey
the productivity of the area.These spider monkeys live mainly in the top of the tree canopy where they forage diurnally. They tend to feed heavily in the early morning and to rest for the remainder of the day. These monkeys are among the most agile of the primates and are often seen hanging by one limb or by the tail, which essentially functions as a fifth limb. They walk nimbly along the upper surfaces of branches and are able to pick things up with their tails.Black-handed spider monkeys "bark" when
Callicebus torquatus yellow-handed titi
was found. Yellow-handed titis are diurnal and arboreal rainforest primates. The majority of their feeding time is in the early morning, by the middle of the day they have a long resting session. After that they have another feeding period followed by a search for a sleeping tree before dusk. Territorial groups of two to seven members are led by an adult male. That adult male leads all group movements, carries infants when they are not nursing, and searches for food trees. Callicebus torquatus has a home
Brachyteles hypoxanthus northern muriqui
elevation northern muriquis occupy is 681.7 m above sea level. Northern muriquis resemble the closely related southern muriquis (Brachyteles arachnoides), which are large primates characterized by long extremities, a long prehensile tail, and a large, round belly. The long prehensile tail of northern muriquis are important for arboreal travel and feeding. The long arms of northern muriquis are also important for travel. Their fur is thick with a light brown to gold coloring. There is slight sexual
Chlorocebus aethiops vervet monkey; green monkey; grivet
color of the upper parts of the face, which is caused by the banding together of individual hairs with black and yellow strands. In males, the scrotum and surrounding areas are bright blue or a greenish color. (Hill, 1965; Parker, 1983) Females typically have few mates in their lifetime, whereas some males have numerous mates. (Sellers) Little is known about the reproductive habits of C. aethiops; however, like most primates, they are cyclically receptive. Visual changes in the vulva of females, such as
Cercopithecus mitis blue monkey
resources because they forage in different locations in the forest (Richard, 1985). As in other species of primates, communication in these monkeys is likely to be complex and varied. Because of their facial markings, facial expressions are extremely marked. Body postures add to the visual signals used in communication. Vocalizations are common in primates and are probably used by diademed monkeys. Tactile communication occurs between mates and rivals, as well as between mothers and their offspring
Nomascus gabriellae red-cheeked gibbon; buff-cheeked gibbon
Buff-cheeked gibbons are found in southeastern Asia, including southern Laos, eastern Cambodia, and central and southern Vietnam. Gibbons are all primarily arboreal species that generally avoid walking on the ground or swimming. The genus name, Hylobates, actually means "dweller in the trees." Hylobates gabriellae is found in tropical evergreen forests. These primates prefer lowland forests, and are rarely seen between above elevations of 1,500 to 2,000 m. Gibbons have small body size compared to the other
Ateles fusciceps brown-headed spider monkey
Ateles fusciceps, the Brown-headed Spider Monkey, can be found from Central America to northern South America (Primate Gallery 2000). Brown-headed Spider Monkeys are found in the rainforests of Central and South America. The majority of their time is spent in the uppermost branches of trees, foraging for food. Most climates allow them to live year-round in the same area. However, in drier habitats, they must travel up 18 km (10 mi.) each day in search of food(Microsoft Encarta 2000). Brown-headed Spider
Macaca mulatta rhesus monkey
great deal of adaptability. Some populations live in flatlands, while others, in northern India and Pakistan, live in the Himalayas at elevations up to 3,000 m. These primates are able to aclimate to a variety of climatic extremes, from the hot, dry temperatures found in deserts, to cold winter temperatures which fall to well below the freezing point.In addition to living in the wilderness, some populations of M. mulatta have become accustomed to living alongside humans. Occasionally, small groups can be
Ateles chamek Chamek spider monkey
typically found in social groups with approximately 5 to 25 animals per square kilometer in hunted areas and up to 80 animals per square kilometer in non-hunted areas. Less individuals per square kilometer are usually present when there is competition with other species of primates. In addition to competition with other primate species as a factor determining population densities, food abundance tends to be the biggest predictor of abundance of black-faced black spider monkeys. Because of this, social
Cebus apella brown capuchin
consists of juveniles, infants and a few favorite females. While dominant males are usually tolerant of their own offspring, juveniles from previous dominant males are treated with great hostility. Most aggression taking place within the group stems from competition for food.Social grooming is common throughout the group.Playing is common among juveniles in the wild and in captivity. Brown capuchins are the only neotropical primate that play with objects that are placed in their enclosures. Cebus apella
Homo sapiens human
breeding throughout the year. Gestation length is 40 weeks on average, a fairly long gestation length for a primate species with altricial young. Typically one young is born, although twins occur occasionally and multiple births rarely. Interbirth intervals, birth weights, time to weaning, independence, and sexual maturity all vary substantially with nutritional status of mothers and young and are influenced by cultural practices. Human infants are born in an altricial state and require intense and long
Pithecia pithecia Guianan saki
insects and flowers when fruit is scarce. When a terrestrial predator, such as red-tailed boas, are near sakis will first make an alarm call. Then they will group together and mob the predator in hopes of driving it away. Other terrestrial predators include a weasel called tayras, jaguars, green anacondas, and ocelots. Their biggest threats are avian predators. Because of their size, sakis are easy prey to the harpy eagle, which are known to attack large primates. A study reported more alarm calls when
Theropithecus gelada gelada baboon
opposability of their first two digits is the highest of all the catarrhine primates and allows them to pick grass blades individually so that they can sort good grass from bad grass during the dry season. It is also notable that their phalanges are short and robust, which allows them to dig efficiently for tubers when desired. These specializations allow gelada baboons to take advantage of grassland environments that other primates could not inhabit as successfully (Dunbar, 1977). Details on predation of
Pygathrix cinerea gray-shanked douc langur
habitat destruction along with other circumstances. In the past, this species was listed as endangered in 2003 and data deficient in 2000. Gray-shanked douc langurs are one of the primates in "Primates in Peril: The World’s 25 Most Endangered Primates." It is estimated that there are only about 700 individuals left. The Vietnam War also had a large negative impact on this species. Pygathrix cinerea was described in 1997 on the basis of newly discovered individuals in central Vietnam
Pithecia monachus monk saki
nervous around humans and disturbance, thus very little data has surfaced on the lifestyle of P. monacha. However, scientists agree that the tallest trees available (from 10-35 meters tall) are the habitat of choice for these animals, and in most instances they are the sole primate inhabiting this niche. Sakis are characterized by their small size of 30-50 cm and very heavy, thick and nonprehensile tail which adds 25-55 cm to their body length (Nowak, 1999). The face of the monk saki is partly bald but
Presbytis thomasi north Sumatran leaf monkey
positioning in the trees depends on what time of day it is. While it is taking a nap during the day, it selects a tree that tends to have lots of twigs and leaves for protection from the harsh sunlight. However, when it is sleeping at night, it sleeps in the top of a tall tree that faces the open areas. Presbytis thomasi has a very distinct appearance. Due to their unique facial coloration, it is easy to distinguish North Sumatran leaf monkeys from other primates. The white fur on the underside and arms
Callithrix pygmaea pygmy marmoset
consume small lizards, some fruit, flowers, and spiders. The yellow, green, and brown pelage of pygmy marmosets provides a means of camouflage in their forest habitat. Pygmy marmosets have also developed a means of communication to alarm one another of potential threats. Their small body size, however, makes them potential prey for birds of prey, small felids, and climbing snakes. It appears that the largest role these tiny primates play in their ecosystem involves their primary feeding mechanism, so they
Macaca sylvanus Barbary macaque
human primates in Europe. Barbary macaques prefer habitats consisting of high altitude mountains, cliffs, and gorges. Although they prefer high altitude habitats, up to 2600 m, they can also be found at sea level. Their primary habitat is cedar forests, but they are also found in mixed forests of cedar and holm-cork oak, pure oak forests, shrubby rock outcrops along coasts, and occasionally in grasslands at low elevations. During the winter they are highly arboreal, but become more terrestrial during summer
Leontopithecus chrysomelas golden-headed lion tamarin
amount of space is still inadequate to promote a recovery of the population. The United States, in conjunction with the World Wildlife Federation and many smaller Brazilian institutions, has had a conservation program running since 1979. However, population size has declined dramatically since then. A third conservation effort, the Rio de Janeiro Primate Center, has a captive breeding colony of L. chrysomela. However, the colony is made up of only 25 animals (Mitchell and Erwin 1986, Nowak and Paradiso 1983
Gorilla gorilla western gorilla; western lowland gorilla
Cameroon border in the upper drainage of the Cross River. Africa's tropical secondary forests, where the open canopy allows much light to reach the forest floor, provide the best habitat for western gorillas. Western gorillas are exceptionally large and powerful primates. They have no tails and jet black skin. Facial features include short muzzles, a prominent brow ridge, large nostrils, and small eyes and ears. Western gorillas have large jaw muscles and broad, strong teeth. Coarse, dark hair covers the
Saguinus graellsi Graells's tamarin
second birthing peak. Gestation lasts 130 to 170 days. Peak birthing season occurs in January, and the second peak birthing season is in June. Births occur at night. All Graell’s tamarins have dizygotic twins, which weigh 25 to 50 g at birth – up to 20% of the mother’s weight. With the exception of tarsiers, they are proportionally the heaviest infants among primates. Young begin to explore around 21 days of age, but still ride on their parents’ backs until they are six or seven weeks old. At four
Hylobates agilis agile gibbon
singing bouts are often duets and are a way of claiming home territory. When singing is not enough to keep intruders away, both male and female gibbons will chase the intruder away. As in all primates, communication in this species is complex and involved several different modalities.As mentioned in the "Behavior" section, above, these animals are highly vocal, and use great call vocalizations to defend their territories from other mated pairs.Tactile communication is also important, between mates, and
Hylobates klossii Kloss's gibbon
Kloss' gibbons, Hylobates klossi, are found in Siberut, Sipura, North Pagai, and South Pagai in the Mentawai Islands, western Sumatra, and Indonesia. Kloss' gibbons can be found in the upper canopy of semi deciduous monsoon forests and tropical evergreen forests. Hylobates klossii has long forearms for brachiation. These tail-less, slender primates have dense, glossy, black hair with buttock pads and a large throat sac located under the chin. The throat sac helps to enhance their calls. Females are slightly
Aotus lemurinus lemurine night monkey
Nomascus hainanus Hainan gibbon
and limbs in rhythmic, jerky motions. Multiple copulations via dorsoventral mounting may occur in a single day. Sexually active females occasionally engage in post-conception copulation, which is relatively rare amongst the primates. The amount of time between births is approximately 24 months. This timing may be caused by biannual fruiting of many favored food sources and thus link reproduction with the abundance of food. Two females in a single social group may rear offspring from the same male at the
Lepilemur septentrionalis northern sportive lemur
Lepilemur leucopus white-footed sportive lemur
Lepilemur edwardsi Milne-Edwards's sportive lemur
Eulemur rufus red-fronted lemur
Eulemur cinereiceps gray-headed lemur