Geographic Range
Antilopine wallaroos inhabit savanna woodlands throughout the northern, tropical regions
of Australia, from the Kimberley to the Gulf of Carpentaria. They are also found in
the Cape York Peninsula.
- Biogeographic Regions
- australian
- Other Geographic Terms
- island endemic
Habitat
Antilopine wallaroos inhabit the savanna woodlands of Australia. During the day they
reside in shaded wooded areas to avoid the hot sun. At dusk they graze in grasslands
and at dawn return to wooded areas. During the cooler wet season, antilopine wallaroos
may also graze during the day, but they seek shelter from rain in wooded areas. Eastern
populations may be found on slopes and tops of small hills. They may also be found
in valleys and low-lying depressions on the floodplains of major rivers, especially
in moist areas populated with short green grass. Northern populations favor sites
with permanent water where fires occur late in the season.
- Habitat Regions
- tropical
- terrestrial
- Terrestrial Biomes
- savanna or grassland
- forest
Physical Description
Male and female antilopine wallaroos are very sexually dimorphic. Adult males are
usually a reddish tan color. Females, however, are brownish tan in the back and hind
parts and usually have gray heads and shoulders. Females also have white tips on the
back of their ears. Paws and feet of both sexes are white on the ventral side and
are black tipped. Adult males have a distinct swelling of the nose above the nostrils
that is possibly used for cooling. Males are also much larger than the females, reaching
up to 70 kg. A female of this species ranges from 15 kg to 30 kg. Females develop
their pouches after about 20 months. In joeys, the fur coloration is apparent after
6 to 7 months. The shape of a female joeyâs head is more petite than the male joeyâs.
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- bilateral symmetry
- Sexual Dimorphism
- male larger
- sexes colored or patterned differently
- male more colorful
- ornamentation
Reproduction
An increased amount of fighting by male antilopine wallaroos has been observed near
the beginning of the breeding season. To attract a mate, a male sniffs the femaleâs
cloacal region, then shows his ventral surface and erect penis.
Male antilopine wallaroos reach sexual maturity at 2 years of age, whereas females
reach sexual maturity at 16 months and develop their pouch after 20 months. Females
come into estrous within a few days of each other. Although estrous of females does
not seem to be related to the age of their young (joeys), estrous always occurs after
the permanent emergence of the joey. Gestation lasts about 35 days.
Only one offspring is produced per breeding season. After birth the neonate climbs
into the mother's pouch, much like all
macropods
. After about 20 weeks, the joey begins to emerge from the pouch. At about 6 months
the joey completely comes out of the pouch for the first time, and at about 37 weeks
the mother does not allow the joey back in the pouch. A joey is gradually weaned,
feeding less and less from its mother until about 15 months after birth.
- Key Reproductive Features
- seasonal breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- fertilization
- viviparous
Male antilopine wallaroos lose interest in their mate and young once the neonate reaches
its mother's pouch. Once all neonates reach their mother's pouch, the group sexually
segregates; large males form small groups while females and young remain together
in large groups. Even after weaning, young antilopine wallaroos maintain a close relationship
with their mother, resting together and grooming each other.
- Parental Investment
- female parental care
-
pre-hatching/birth
-
provisioning
- female
-
protecting
- female
-
provisioning
-
pre-weaning/fledging
-
provisioning
- female
-
protecting
- female
-
provisioning
- post-independence association with parents
Lifespan/Longevity
Little information is available regarding the average lifespan of antilopine wallaroos.
The longest lived antilopine wallaroo in the wild was 16 years of age, while the longest
lived antilopine wallaroo in captivity was 15.9 years of age.
Behavior
Antilopine wallaroos are very social animals. Older males, however, are often solitary.
Groups (mobs) of males and females are often seen together. Both male and female antilopine
wallaroos groom each other, called allogrooming. After joeys reach their mother's
pouch, the mob sexually segregates; the males separate in to a small group, or "bachelor
groups". In turn, females form large groups of other females and young. Antilopine
wallaroos move to and from grazing grounds and return to the same area or "camp" repeatedly,
both in groups and individually. Males also fight frequently.
- Key Behaviors
- saltatorial
- crepuscular
- motile
- sedentary
- social
Home Range
The home range of male antilopine wallaroos can be 100 ha or greater. Home ranges
of females are less than 20 ha.
Communication and Perception
Before fighting, males make an audible hiss as an alarm. This is usually followed
by a foot thump. Males also perform a âhead tossingâ motion before fighting.
Food Habits
Antilopine wallaroos are herbivorous, and their diet is mainly composed of grass.
They seek areas with short grass, like low tussock grass, or where tall grass has
been burnt and reduced to shoots.
- Plant Foods
- leaves
Predation
There are no known predators of antilopine wallaroos other than humans.
Ecosystem Roles
Antilopine wallaroos consume a variety of grasses and act as hosts for mites, nematodes,
fleas, and ticks.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Antilopine wallaroos are hunted by the Aboriginal people of Australia.
- Positive Impacts
- food
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Because both species graze in grasslands, Antilopine wallaroos may compete with
cattle
.
Conservation Status
Although populations of antilopine wallarooos are decreasing, the species is classified
of least concern by the IUCN. This species has likely benefited from human conversion
of land to agricultural and grassland areas.
Other Comments
Antilopine wallaroos are sometimes referred to as a kangaroo or antilopine kangaroos.
Additional Links
Contributors
Kurt Bonser (author), Northern Michigan University, John Bruggink (editor), Northern Michigan University, Gail McCormick (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff.
- Australian
-
Living in Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania, New Guinea and associated islands.
- island endemic
-
animals that live only on an island or set of islands.
- tropical
-
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
- terrestrial
-
Living on the ground.
- tropical savanna and grassland
-
A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.
- savanna
-
A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.
- temperate grassland
-
A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.
- forest
-
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
- sexual ornamentation
-
one of the sexes (usually males) has special physical structures used in courting the other sex or fighting the same sex. For example: antlers, elongated tails, special spurs.
- seasonal breeding
-
breeding is confined to a particular season
- sexual
-
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- fertilization
-
union of egg and spermatozoan
- viviparous
-
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
- female parental care
-
parental care is carried out by females
- saltatorial
-
specialized for leaping or bounding locomotion; jumps or hops.
- crepuscular
-
active at dawn and dusk
- motile
-
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- sedentary
-
remains in the same area
- social
-
associates with others of its species; forms social groups.
- visual
-
uses sight to communicate
- tactile
-
uses touch to communicate
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- visual
-
uses sight to communicate
- tactile
-
uses touch to communicate
- chemical
-
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
- food
-
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
- herbivore
-
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
- folivore
-
an animal that mainly eats leaves.
- endothermic
-
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- bilateral symmetry
-
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
References
Croft, D. 1987. Socio-Ecology of the Antilopine Wallaroo, Macropus-Antilopinus, in the Northern-Territory, With Observations on Sympatric Macropus-Robustus-Woodwardii and Macropus-Agilis. Australian Wildlife Research , 14: 243-255.
Croft, D. 1982. Some observations on the behaviour of the antelopine wallaroo Macropus antilopinus (Marsupialia: Macropodidea). Journal of the Australian Mammal Society Inc. , 5: 5-13.
Davey, K. 2005. "Antilopine Wallaroo" (On-line). Accessed April 09, 303 at http://homepage.mac.com/keithdavey/macropods/antilopine-wallaroo.htm .
Hirst, S. 2006. "National Wildlife Rehabilitation Conference 2006" (On-line). The Antilopine Wallaroo: an unusual âroo. Accessed March 04, 2009 at http://www.nwrc.com.au/2k6/html/papers.htm .
Max, , Planck, Gesellschaft. 2002. "Longevity Records Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish" (On-line). Mammals. Accessed March 10, 2009 at http://www.demogr.mpg.de/longevityrecords/0203.htm .
Ritchie, E., J. Martin, A. Krockenberger, S. Garnett, C. Johnson. 2008. Large-herbivore distribution and abundance: intra- and interspecific niche variation in the tropics.. Ecological Monographs , 78.1: 105-122.
2008. "The IUNC Red List of Threatened Species" (On-line). Accessed April 26, 2009 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/search .
2007. "The Kangaroo trail" (On-line). Accessed March 04, 2009 at http://www.rootourism.com/fsheet16.htm .