Animal Diversity Web

Geographic Range

The native range of Ameiurus melas extends west from the Appalachian mountain range to Arizona, north to southern Canada, and as far north and east as New York. It can be found as far south as northern Mexico, and the distribution excludes all but the panhandle of Florida. Introduced populations occur in parts of California and Nevada. It also has been introduced to parts of England. (Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

• Biogeographic Regions
• nearctic
  • introduced
  • native
• palearctic
  • introduced

Habitat

Black bullheads occupy most freshwater habitats, from small farm ponds to large lakes. They can inhabit many waters that are otherwise unsuitable for other fishes. They can tolerate poorly oxygenated, polluted, turbid, and high temperature waters. Because they are relatively small, black bullheads also occupy many small creeks and rivers. They prefer soft bottoms (in creeks and rivers) and avoid free flowing waters where water moves rapidly. They feed in waters from one to three meters deep. ("A Boundary Waters Compendium", 2004; Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

• Habitat Regions
• temperate
• freshwater

• Aquatic Biomes
• benthic
• lakes and ponds
• rivers and streams

• Range depth

  1 to 5 m

  3.28 to 16.40 ft

Physical Description

Black bullheads are distinguished by their robust, bulky head. They have a very broad head with pigmented barbels. The color ranges from dark brown to black dorsally, yellow to white ventrally. Color varies greatly depending on location and water features. They have long barbels, which are completely pigmented, and nostril whiskers resembling "horns". Their fins have black pigmentation, the caudal fin is rounded and occasionally has a pale vertical stripe at its base. Anal fin rays range from 19 to 25, caudal fin rays from 15 to 18. Gill rakers range from 16 to 18. Similar species include yellow bullheads (Ameiurus natalis),and brown bullheads (Ameiurus platycephalus). Black bullheads are the only bullhead species (Ameiurus) with completely pigmented barbels. Yellow bullheads have no pigmentation and brown bullheads have light pigments on the ends of the barbels. Black bullheads naturally hybridize with brown bullheads. ("A Boundary Waters Compendium", 2004; Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

• Other Physical Features
• ectothermic
• heterothermic
• bilateral symmetry
• venomous

• Sexual Dimorphism
• sexes alike

• Range mass

  0.70 to 3.63 kg

  1.54 to 8.00 lb

• Average mass

  1.43 kg

  3.15 lb

• Range length

  100 to 350 mm

  3.94 to 13.78 in

• Average length

  210 mm

  8.27 in

Development

After spawning, eggs hatch in 4 to 10 days. Free swimming fry remain close to the adult male for around two weeks. During this time the young reach around 25 mm in total length. Average growth is to 170 mm in the first year, 240 mm in the second year, 290 mm in the third year, 320 mm in the fourth year, peaking at around 350 mm total length by the fifth year. Sexual maturity is reached around 160 mm. Population density greatly affects black bullheads and sizes may vary greatly due to this. ("A Boundary Waters Compendium", 2004; Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

Reproduction

After a female has constructed a nest, she intices a male by nudging the male's abdomen with her snout. After breeding, the pair lay side by side, with the male curling his caudal fin around the females mouth. After several pairings, spawning can be noticed by a quivering in the female. The female guards the nest for the first day, then the male takes over for the remainder of egg and fry protection. (Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

• Mating System
• monogamous

Spawning occurs between May and July. The female fans out a saucer shaped nest in a soft substrate, then removes larger elements with her snout. The male is nearby during the construction of the nest. Nests are typically in 2 to 4 feet of water and range in diameter and depth according to the substrate. On few occasions nest lay beneath a log or other forms of structure. Females produce between 2,000 and 3,800 eggs. Spawning occurs five times over a one hour period. The male watches over the nest after the first day for up to ten days. When the eggs then hatch, they stay close to the male for up to two weeks. (Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous
• seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual
• fertilization
  • external
• oviparous

• Breeding interval

  Black bullheads breed once yearly.

• Breeding season

  Black bullheads breed from May to July.

• Range number of offspring

  2,000 to 3,800

• Average number of offspring

  3150

  AnAge

• Range time to hatching

  5 to 10 days

• Range time to independence

  12 to 17 days

• Average time to independence

  14 days

• Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)

  1 to 3 years

• Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)

  1 to 3 years

Prior to breeding, females construct a nest using pelvic and anal fins. After breeding the female guards the nest for the first day. After the first day males take over and guard the nest for up to 10 days until the eggs hatch. For the next two weeks the young remain close to the male. (Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

• Parental Investment
• pre-fertilization
  • provisioning
  • protecting
    • male
    • female
• pre-hatching/birth
  • provisioning
    • male
    • female
  • protecting
    • male
    • female
• pre-independence
  • provisioning
    • male
  • protecting
    • male

Lifespan/Longevity

Black bullheads have an average lifespan of five years in the wild and a slightly higher lifespan in captivity. The oldest found are around ten years. They are easily kept in aquariums and adapt well. If the proper space and living conditions are met, many find the these fish thrive well in captivity. ("A Boundary Waters Compendium", 2004)

• Range lifespan
  Status: wild

  3 to 10 years

• Average lifespan
  Status: wild

  5 years

• Range lifespan
  Status: captivity

  4 to 10 years

• Average lifespan
  Status: captivity

  5 years

• Typical lifespan
  Status: wild

  4 to 10 years

• Average lifespan
  Status: wild

  5 years

• Typical lifespan
  Status: captivity

  5 to 10 years

• Average lifespan
  Status: captivity

  5 years

Behavior

Adults are very inactive during daylight hours, feeding almost exclusively after dark, and are seldom seen or caught in rivers and streams until after dusk. Blacks bullheads tend to look for food after dark along with up to four others. No social systems have been observed. ("A Boundary Waters Compendium", 2004)

• Key Behaviors
• natatorial
• nocturnal
• crepuscular
• motile
• aestivation

Home Range

Little is known about the size of the home range in black bullheads. They tend to utilize pools in rivers and occupy areas where food is available. ("A Boundary Waters Compendium", 2004)

Communication and Perception

Black bullheads have taste buds on in the mouth that help differentiate prey items. Barbels are used to pick up chemical and hydrodynamic cues left by prey. As in many catfishes the swim bladder is used to pick up on vibrations, as well as communicate. ("A Boundary Waters Compendium", 2004)

• Communication Channels
• visual
• tactile
• acoustic
• chemical

• Perception Channels
• visual
• tactile
• acoustic
• chemical

Food Habits

Young black bullheads usually thrive on ostracods, amphipods, copepods, and insects and their larva. Young feed primarly in schooling patterns during midday. Adults tend to be nocturnal, and feed on a wide variety of invertebrates. Midge larvae and other young insects are the primary diet for adult bullheads. Black bullheads have been known to eat small fish and fish eggs as well. (Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

• Primary Diet
• carnivore
  • insectivore
  • eats non-insect arthropods

• Animal Foods
• fish
• eggs
• carrion
• insects
• terrestrial worms
• aquatic crustaceans

• Plant Foods
• macroalgae

• Other Foods
• detritus

Predation

Young black bullheads may fall prey to largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and other basses, as well as walleye (Sander vitreus). They are protected from some predation by their venomous pectoral spines, that can inflict a painful sting. (Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

• Known Predators

  • largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)
  • other basses
  • walleye (Sander vitreus)

Ecosystem Roles

Black bullheads raise turbidity levels in farm ponds. Because of this they can negatively affect other species which also inhabit the pond. Black bullheads can survive in muddy or turbid waters where many species do not thrive. Black bullheads are important intermediate predators in the ecosystems in which they live.

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Though black bullheads are relatively small, they have become a popular fish among anglers. They are known for their good taste, and amount of fight when body size proportions are considered. Many black bullheads are kept in captivity because they adapt well and have a long lifespan. ("A Boundary Waters Compendium", 2004; Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

• Positive Impacts
• pet trade
• food

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

Black bullheads are not considered a problem to most humans. In some cases where overpopulation is a problem, they may never reach acceptable angling size. Where stocked in Europe, most populations are too dense to reach full size capacity, which makes them generally an unpopular species. Black bullheads can cause a painful sting if pectoral spines puncture human flesh. Black bullheads contain small amounts of venom at the ends of spine which can cause pain for up to a week. ("A Boundary Waters Compendium", 2004; Etnier and Starnes, 1993)

• Negative Impacts
• injures humans
  • venomous

Conservation Status

Black bullheads are common and sometime very abundant throught their range. They have become a popular gamefish in many areas, so due to stocking in many ponds and lakes black bullheads are a stable and growing species. ("A Boundary Waters Compendium", 2004)

• IUCN Red List

  Not Evaluated

• US Federal List

  No special status

• CITES

  No special status

Contributors

Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web.

Chris Rose (author), Eastern Kentucky University, Sherry Harrel (editor, instructor), Eastern Kentucky University.

References

2004. "A Boundary Waters Compendium" (On-line). Accessed October 31, 2005 at http://www.rook.org/earl/bwca/nature/fish/ictalurusmel.html.

Etnier, D., W. Starnes. 1993. The Fishes of Tennessee. The University of Tennessee Press/ Knoxville.