Geographic Range
Ardeotis kori
lives throughout eastern and southern sub-Saharan Africa. There are two populations
of Kori bustards, which are separated by the miombo woodland of Central Africa. The
southern population is composed of the subspecies
Ardeotis kori kori
, which lives in parts of Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Mozambique and
southern Angola. The northeastern African population is composed of the subspecies
Ardeotis kori struthiunculus
, which inhabits parts of Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.
Habitat
Kori bustards are found in dry habitats such as savannas, grasslands and semi-deserts.
They are usually found near water sources and in areas with light tree cover, where
they take shelter from the heat of the day. They do not inhabit entirely wooded areas.
- Habitat Regions
- tropical
- terrestrial
- Terrestrial Biomes
- savanna or grassland
Physical Description
Kori bustards have large necks, crested heads, greyish brown backs, vermiculated grey
necks and breasts, whitish bellies, black and white spotted patterns on the shoulder
and sides of their necks, and black and white bars on their tails. Their bills, legs,
feet, and eyes are all yellowish. The two subspecies are similar in appearance, but
the southern subspecies is slightly larger and has a few differences in facial plumage.
Kori bustards are easily distinguished from other bustards by their size, crest and
lack of rufous on the hind neck. In flight, the distinguishing characteristic is grey
speckled underwings without white markings.
Kori bustards are the heaviest flying birds in Africa, with males weighing 10 to 19
kilograms and females weighing 5.5 to 5.7 kg. They range in length from 105 to 128
cm and have a wingspan of 75 to 76 cm in males and 60 to 65 cm in females. The sexes
have similar plumage, although individual patterns may differ. Females are about half
the size of males. Juvenile males have shorter head crests, paler eyes, and a darker
mantle than adult males. Juvenile females also have shorter crests and paler eyes
as compared to adult females.
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- homoiothermic
- bilateral symmetry
- Sexual Dimorphism
- male larger
Reproduction
During the breeding season, males perform elaborate displays, including deep booming
calls, inflating their esophagus up to four times its usual size, erecting neck feathers,
and fanning the tail to expose their white under tail coverts. These displays can
last for several days and can be performed singly or in a group. Once a female has
chosen a male, actual copulation is quite brief, lasting only a few seconds.
Although the mating system of Kori bustards is unclear, males continue courtship dances
after their initial copulation and do not invest in incubation and rearing, suggesting
that they are polygynous. Courtship feeding in white-bellied bustards (
Eupodotis senegalensis
) suggests monogamous pairing in some bustards, but this has not been reported in
Kori bustards.
The breeding season is different in the two subspecies of Kori bustards. In general,
A. k. struthiunculus
breeds from December to August and
A. k. kori
breeds from September to February. Recorded laying dates vary considerably. For example,
laying dates were recorded from April to June in Somalia and from March to June in
Ethiopia. In southern Africa, laying dates were reported from September to December
in Zimbabwe and from November to January in Namibia. Breeding success is heavily dependent
upon rainfall and in times of drought breeding is reduced significantly. Sexual maturity
is usually reached after 3 years in both sexes.
- Key Reproductive Features
- iteroparous
- seasonal breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- oviparous
The nest, a scrape in the ground usually near a clump of grass, holds one to two eggs
that are incubated solely by the female for approximately 23 days. Once hatched, the
chicks are precocial and cared for by the female, although the male is sometimes present.
Fledgling occurs after 4 to 5 weeks, but the chicks remain with the mother until the
following year.
- Parental Investment
- precocial
-
pre-fertilization
- provisioning
-
protecting
- female
-
pre-hatching/birth
-
provisioning
- female
-
protecting
- female
-
provisioning
-
pre-weaning/fledging
-
protecting
- female
-
protecting
Lifespan/Longevity
There is little information about lifespans in the wild, but in captivity Kori bustards
have been documented to live as long as 26 years.
Behavior
Kori bustards are usually found alone or in small groups, but occasionally associate
in larger flocks. They prefer not to fly and are commonly seen walking quickly with
large strides or hiding from the hot sun under trees. They lack a hind toe and thus
are restricted to terrestrial habitats. They have no preen gland, but instead produce
powder down and practice dust bathing.
Although Kori bustards don’t seem to make regular migrations, they are thought to
make small migrations in response to rainfall and food supply. Additionally, adult
and juvenile males move after breeding season, whereas females don’t appear to do
so.
Communication and Perception
Kori bustards are generally quiet, but when surprised may make a sort of bark or snoring
noise. They have been observed growling when their young are threatened. In courtship
displays, males make a low roaring noise and perform visual displays, inflating their
throats, erecting their neck feathers and fanning their tails. This display shows
off the brilliant white undertail coverts and can be seen up to 1 km away.
Food Habits
Kori bustards are omnivorous with an extremely varied diet including insects, reptiles,
small rodents, birds, carrion, seeds, berries and roots. Insects make up a large portion
of their diets, especially when they are. They forage on the ground and are drawn
to bush fires where they eat insects killed in the blaze. They are known to consume
the gum from
Acacia
trees, either for the gum itself or for the insects inside the gum. Kori bustards
drink water in an unusual manner: instead of scooping up water as most birds do, they
actually suck up the water.
- Primary Diet
- omnivore
- Animal Foods
- birds
- mammals
- reptiles
- carrion
- insects
- Plant Foods
- roots and tubers
- seeds, grains, and nuts
- fruit
- sap or other plant fluids
Predation
Many species prey on Kori bustards including lions, leopards, caracals, jackals, and
eagles. Kori bustard chicks are quite vulnerable to predation and exhibit high mortality
rates, although they have cryptic plumage. When alarmed, Kori bustards make barking
calls and bend forward and spread their tail and wings to appear larger. Adults will
growl when their young are threatened by predators.
- Anti-predator Adaptations
- cryptic
Ecosystem Roles
Kori bustards have a mutualistic association with carmine bee-eaters (
Merops nubicus
), which often perch on their backs. As a Kori bustard forages they stir up insects
that the bee-eaters capture. Kori bustards may get some benefit in return from the
bee-eaters, such as help in detecting predators.
- carmine bee-eaters ( Merops nubicus )
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Kori bustards are interesting birds to watch because of their size, plumage and courtship display patterns. Because of this, they may enhance the tourism industry in the many African countries in which they live. They are also hunted for their meat.
- Positive Impacts
- food
- ecotourism
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
There are no reported negative effects of Kori bustards on humans.
Conservation Status
Despite some decline in Kori bustard populations and habitat fragmentation, they are
still common in some areas. Kori bustards are considered a species of least concern
according to the IUCN redlist because their decline, although not quantified, appears
to be below 30% over the last ten years. Despite their least concern status, multiple
threats face this species including habitat destruction from farming, livestock grazing,
human encroachment, collisions with power lines, and poaching. Although still common
in major game reserves and a few other areas, they are uncommon in many areas where
they once thrived and are declining throughout their range. This is of particular
concern because of their low fecundity and decreased breeding in dry years.
Additional Links
Contributors
Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
Jill Bible (author), Stanford University, Terry Root (editor, instructor), Stanford University.
- Ethiopian
-
living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar.
- native range
-
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- tropical
-
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
- terrestrial
-
Living on the ground.
- tropical savanna and grassland
-
A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.
- savanna
-
A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.
- temperate grassland
-
A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.
- endothermic
-
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- bilateral symmetry
-
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
- iteroparous
-
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
- seasonal breeding
-
breeding is confined to a particular season
- sexual
-
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- oviparous
-
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.
- young precocial
-
young are relatively well-developed when born
- diurnal
-
- active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.
- motile
-
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- nomadic
-
generally wanders from place to place, usually within a well-defined range.
- social
-
associates with others of its species; forms social groups.
- visual
-
uses sight to communicate
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- carrion
-
flesh of dead animals.
- cryptic
-
having markings, coloration, shapes, or other features that cause an animal to be camouflaged in its natural environment; being difficult to see or otherwise detect.
- food
-
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
- ecotourism
-
humans benefit economically by promoting tourism that focuses on the appreciation of natural areas or animals. Ecotourism implies that there are existing programs that profit from the appreciation of natural areas or animals.
- omnivore
-
an animal that mainly eats all kinds of things, including plants and animals
- visual
-
uses sight to communicate
- tactile
-
uses touch to communicate
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- chemical
-
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
References
Hallager, S., J. Boylan. 2004. "Kori Bustard Species Survival Plan Husbandry Manual" (On-line pdf). Accessed May 13, 2007 at http://www.gruitag.org/uploads/media/kori_bustard_husbandry_manual.pdf .
Harrison, J., D. Allan, L. Underhill, M. Herremans, A. Tree, V. Parker, C. Brown. 1997. The atlas of southern African birds. Vol. 1: Non-passerines . Johannesburg: BirdLife South Africa.
2007. "BirdLife International" (On-line). Accessed May 13, 2007 at http://www.birdlife.org .