Geographic Range
Atelerix frontalis
, one of four African species of hedgehogs, occurs in two geographically separated
populations within Africa. One population occurs in western Zimbabwe and eastern
Botswana to the Cape Province in South Africa. The other population exists between
south-western Angola and northern Namibia.
Habitat
South African hedgehogs are found in a wide variety of habitats. They can be found
in grasslands, scrub, rocky areas, savannah, and suburban gardens. They rarely occur
in deserts or in very wet areas. One requirement for good habitat is that there must
be dry cover available. Hedgehogs use this cover to rest and rear their young. Also,
the dry cover should be close to available food. South African hedgehogs are also
found frequently in suburban gardens.
- Habitat Regions
- tropical
- terrestrial
- Terrestrial Biomes
- savanna or grassland
- scrub forest
- Other Habitat Features
- suburban
Physical Description
South African hedgehogs have a body covered with small spines, except for their belly,
face and ears, which have a fine fur covering them. The unmistakable identifying
mark on this hedgehog is a white band across the forehead which can extend over the
shoulders or behind the arms to the throat and breast. Head spines are not parted.
The spines are mainly white at the base and have a central dark brown to black band
around the tip. The band varies in width, which can give the animal a darker or lighter
appearance. The face, limbs, and tail are covered with dark brown or grayish brown
hair, and the underside can vary in color from white to black. The ears and tail are
fairly short, and the snout is pointed. These animals have five toes on each front
and hind paw. The legs are fairly long. The average length of the body, including
the head, is 20 centimeters, and the tail is approximately two-centimeters. Weight
can range from 150 to 555 grams. Females have two pairs of nipples on the chest and
one pair of nipples on the abdomen, with some reports of females having more than
6 nipples.
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- bilateral symmetry
- Sexual Dimorphism
- sexes alike
Reproduction
South African hedgehogs are monogamous.
- Mating System
- monogamous
Courtship in hedgehogs can last for days. Males court a female by walking circles
around her. She will continuously reject him for days until she is ready to mate.
After mating, the male releases a gum-like paste into the vagina. This paste acts
like a copulatory plug, and it ensures that his sperm will fertilize the female's
eggs, thus ensuring that his genes will be passed to future generations.
Gestation lasts for approximately 35 days. Litters are born in October through March.
The number of young can vary from 1 to 10, although litter sizes of four and five
are more typical. The young will suckle the mother until they are able to eat solid
food.
The weight of the newborn is about 10 g. At birth, these hedgehogs are blind and
naked, with tiny spines just underneath the skin. These spines will be replaced within
four to six weeks. The young open their eyes after 14 days, and within one month
the babies resemble small adults. They then are weaned and begin foraging with the
mother at about 6 weeks of age.
After about 6 weeks, the mother starts to drive the young from the nest and encourages
them to disperse. The young will breed the following year. These hedgehogs reach
sexual maturity in about 61 to 68 days after birth. Adult female hedgehogs can reproduce
several times oer year.
- Key Reproductive Features
- iteroparous
- seasonal breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- fertilization
- viviparous
Males do not participate in any parental care. Females nurse the young and protect
them until they are able to fend for themselves. Hedgehogs are helpless at birth,
but develop quickly.
- Parental Investment
- no parental involvement
- altricial
-
pre-fertilization
-
protecting
- female
-
protecting
-
pre-hatching/birth
-
provisioning
- female
-
protecting
- female
-
provisioning
-
pre-weaning/fledging
-
provisioning
- female
-
protecting
- female
-
provisioning
-
pre-independence
-
protecting
- female
-
protecting
Lifespan/Longevity
In the wild, the life span is approximately three years and hedgehogs can live up
to seven years in captivity. The shorter life span in the wild is due to pesticide
spraying by farmers, predation by humans and other natural predators, being a popular
species for the exotic pet trade, and vehicle hazards.
Behavior
South African hedgehogs are a solitary and mostly nocturnal species. In spite of
their basically solitary nature, they can be found foraging in pairs and a mother
can be found with her young. These animals tend to be more active at dawn and dusk,
if the weather is cool enough they may be active during the daytime. Seasonally,
hedgehogs are more active in the summer months, then they begin to build up fat reserves
for the colder periods when they enter torpor. In the spring when they are waking
from torpor and begin to venture out of their nests, they move quite slowly.
Behaviors between two hedgehogs include snuffling, snorting, and growling, and they
may butt each other's heads while fighting. Courtship is an extended ritual that lasts
for days. A males courts a female by walking circles around her and extending his
snout to her. The female rejects him for a few days. As night be expected from the
physical description of these spine covered animals, the actual act of mating is somewhat
tricky. When a female is ready to mate, she will relax her spines and stretch her
hindlegs until her genitals are exposed. This allows the male to safely mount her
and copulate.
Hedgehogs defend themselves when threatened by rolling into a ball. This covers the
face, belly, and legs from a threat, leaving an armor of spines to face the enemy.
This is done when the hedgehog feels threatened or is disturbed.
Atelerix frontalis
practices a self-anointing process. This process is triggered by new scents and
is described as frothing at the mouth after chewing or licking the object with the
new scent, after which the animal spreads the froth onto its own spines. There is
no current explanation for this behavior.
South African hedgehogs tend to move slowly, but they can run as fast as six to seven
kilometers per hour. They are somewhat docile in captivity, and are thought by some
to make interesting pets.
- Key Behaviors
- terricolous
- nocturnal
- crepuscular
- motile
- sedentary
- aestivation
- solitary
Home Range
In general for the genus, the home range sizes averages a radius of 200 to 300 meters
around an inhabited hole.
Communication and Perception
South African hedgehogs are predominately a solitary species so there is not a lot
of social communication. Hedgehogs snort and growl in excitement and make a weak
twittering sound when uneasy or in strange surroundings. Spitting and hissing is
a reaction of a strange animal in the territory. A male will chatter and snort while
courting a female or fighting with another male. A female will snort when courted.
Hedgehogs have a very high-pitched alarm call similar to a scream. Vision is poor
with limited color, but they have extremely good sense of hearing and smell.
- Other Communication Modes
- scent marks
Food Habits
Hedgehogs will eat just about anything but they are primarily insectivores. They
feed on a wide variety of foods such as beetles, termites, grasshoppers, moths, earthworms,
centipedes, and millipedes. They will also consume carrion, vegetable matter, fungi,
frogs, lizards, bird eggs and chicks, and small mice when available. A hedgehog
can consume up to 30% of its own body weight in one night.
- Primary Diet
- carnivore
- Animal Foods
- birds
- mammals
- amphibians
- reptiles
- eggs
- carrion
- insects
- terrestrial non-insect arthropods
- terrestrial worms
- Plant Foods
- leaves
- roots and tubers
- fruit
- Other Foods
- fungus
Predation
Details on predation in this species are lacking. Many carnivores and birds of prey
are able to kill and eat hedgehogs. Domestic dogs also kill hedgehogs. Hedgehogs
can protect themselves by rolling up into a spiny ball.
Ecosystem Roles
Not a lot of information was available detailing the role of
A. frontalis
in its ecosystem. These hedgehogs provide a source of food to those animals that
do eat them, although, given their sharp spines, hedgehogs are not a main souce of
food for any particular animal. Hedgehogs compete with other large insectivores for
resources, which may force one of the two to leave an area. This competition may
influence the distribution of hedgehogs. Also, through their foraging behavior, these
animals may affect populations of invertebrates and small vertebrates.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
South African hedgehogs may actually be benefiting from the increase of urban gardening
and in turn may benefit humans by eating garden pests. African natives harvest this
hedgehog to use as food and in traditional rituals; it is believed that smoke from
burning spines and dried meat will keep evil spirits away, and also that the fat will
cure earaches in children. This species is popular as a pet.
- Positive Impacts
- pet trade
- food
- source of medicine or drug
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
It is unlikely that this species has any negative effects on humans.
Conservation Status
Atelerix frontalis
was on Appendix II of CITES and was designated as rare in South Africa. However,
the species is no longer listed on CITES. Major threats to populations of these animals
are their popularity in the pet trade, desireability as food, and loss of their habitat
due to the increase of agriculture.
Additional Links
Contributors
Nancy Shefferly (editor), Animal Diversity Web.
Wendy King (author), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Chris Yahnke (editor, instructor), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.
- Ethiopian
-
living in sub-Saharan Africa (south of 30 degrees north) and Madagascar.
- native range
-
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- tropical
-
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
- terrestrial
-
Living on the ground.
- tropical savanna and grassland
-
A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.
- savanna
-
A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.
- temperate grassland
-
A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.
- scrub forest
-
scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons.
- suburban
-
living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns.
- monogamous
-
Having one mate at a time.
- iteroparous
-
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
- seasonal breeding
-
breeding is confined to a particular season
- sexual
-
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- fertilization
-
union of egg and spermatozoan
- viviparous
-
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
- altricial
-
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.
- nocturnal
-
active during the night
- crepuscular
-
active at dawn and dusk
- motile
-
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- sedentary
-
remains in the same area
- solitary
-
lives alone
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- chemical
-
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
- scent marks
-
communicates by producing scents from special gland(s) and placing them on a surface whether others can smell or taste them
- tactile
-
uses touch to communicate
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- chemical
-
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
- carrion
-
flesh of dead animals.
- pet trade
-
the business of buying and selling animals for people to keep in their homes as pets.
- food
-
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
- drug
-
a substance used for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
- carnivore
-
an animal that mainly eats meat
- insectivore
-
An animal that eats mainly insects or spiders.
- endothermic
-
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- bilateral symmetry
-
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
References
Haltenorth, T., H. Diller. 1980. The Collins Field Guide to the Mammals of Africa including Madagascar . Lexington Massachusetts USA: The Stephen Greene Press Inc.
Kingdon, J. 1974. East African Mammals: An Atlas of Evolution in Africa . New York New York USA: Academic Press Inc.
Nowak, R. 1995. "African Hedgehogs" (On-line). Walker's Mammals of the World Online. Accessed October 29, 2002 at http://www.press.jhu.edu/books/walkers_mammals_of_the_world/insectivora/insectivora.erinaceidae.atelerix.html .
Wilson, D., D. Reeder. 1993. Mammal Species of the World . Washington D.C., USA: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Wrobel, D., S. Brown. 1997. The Hedgehog . New York New York USA: Howell Book House.
van Wyk, J. 2002. "Under Seige: Timid South African hedgehogs face many threats" (On-line ). African Wildlife: Your voice for conservation. Accessed 11/01/02 at http://wildnetafrica.co.za/wildlifearticles/africanwildlife/1998/mayjune_undersiege.html .