Coregonus clupeaformis

Geographic Range

Lake whitefish are found throughout northern North America. They are found in cold waters from the Great Lakes north through almost all of Canada and into Alaska.

• Biogeographic Regions
• nearctic nearctic
  • native native

Habitat

Lake whitefish are found mainly in large, cold, freshwater lakes and their drainage basins. They may occasionally enter brackish water. They make small, seasonal migrations between different water depths. They are found in deeper water in summer and winter, returning to shallower water in spring and then again in fall or early winter to spawn over rocky shoals and reefs along lakeshores. They can be found at water depths from 5 to 128 meters or deeper, although ranges of 15 to 37 meters are more typical.

• Habitat Regions
• temperate temperate
• freshwater freshwater

• Aquatic Biomes
• lakes and ponds
• rivers and streams

Physical Description

Lake whitefish average 457 mm in length, although there is large variation in size in local populations. They are covered in scales that range from pea green or almost brown dorsally to silvery white ventrally. The sides have a bluish hue and the fins are nearly transparent. There are two dorsal fins, including an adipose fin which is sometimes larger in males. Dorsal and anal fin rays are usually 11 (range 10-12), pectoral fin rays are from 14 to 17. The nose is blunt, with a small, subterminal mouth. Lake whitefish are long and laterally compressed, as are most salmonids . Males and females have breeding tubercles on the head and body. The maximum recorded weight was 19 kg (Lake Superior, 1918), although lake whitefish are considered very large at 9 kg. Average weight is more like 1.8 kg. The maximum recorded length was 100 cm, all individuals longer than 467 mm are considered mature adults.

• Other Physical Features
• ectothermic ectothermic
• heterothermic heterothermic
• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry

• Sexual Dimorphism
• sexes shaped differently

Development

Lake whitefish spawn over shallow water shoals. Spawning occurs in fall and early winter and the eggs are broadcast over the shoals, where they settle to the bottom. Eggs hatch in March or early April, taking about 133 days to hatch in waters averaging 1.7 degrees Celsius. Time to hatching increases with decreasing water temperature. In laboratory settings, optimum water temperature for incubation is 3.2 to 8.1 degrees Celsius. Hatching took only 41.7 days in water at 10 degrees Celsius, and 182 days at 0.5 degrees Celsius. Larvae average 13.25 mm in length at hatching and grow about 25 mm per month in their first season. There is little known about lake whitefish development between the larval and adult stages.

Reproduction

Lake whitefish spawn in large groups over shallow water shoals in fall and early winter. Spawning occurs at night. Females repeatedly rise to the water's surface while releasing eggs. They are accompanied by either one or two males who simultaneously release their milt onto the eggs. Spawning is accompanied by a lot of jumping and surface activity.

• Mating System
• polygynandrous (promiscuous) polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Lake whitefish spawn in the fall or early winter and eggs hatch in the early spring. Females release thousands of eggs when they spawn, the number of eggs depends on body size. One female that weighed 907 g had 25,000 eggs and another female that weighed 5.9 kg had 130,000 eggs. Males mature at a minimum length of 368 mm, females at 419 mm.

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous iteroparous
• seasonal breeding seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual sexual
• fertilization fertilization
  • external external
• oviparous oviparous

Lake whitefish males and females do not care for their young after the eggs have been fertilized.

• Parental Investment
• no parental involvement
• pre-fertilization
  • provisioning
  • protecting
    • female

Lifespan/Longevity

Most mortality of lake whitefish occurs at the egg and larval stages. Only about 13% of eggs survive to become larvae and larvae are heavily preyed on by larger fish. The maximum recorded age of a lake whitefish was 50 years old, although maximum ages of 25 years are more typical.

Behavior

Lake whitefish are fairly sedentary in the Great Lakes, although they make seasonal movements between deep and shallow water. They typically make 4 short, seasonal migrations: from deep to shallow water in the spring, back to deep water in summer as water temperatures rise, to spawning areas in shallow water in the fall and early winter, and back to deep water in the winter. Lake whitefish are social and are always found in schools.

• Key Behaviors
• natatorial natatorial
• diurnal diurnal
• nocturnal nocturnal
• motile motile
• sedentary sedentary
• social social

Home Range

Total distances traveled during migrations have been recorded at 8 to 242 km, but the vast majority of fish do not travel more than 40 km. Schools of lake whitefish seem to remain fairly local in their movements.

Communication and Perception

Like most fish, lake whitefish have a lateral line system that allows them to detect water movement. They also have good vision and sense of smell. In mating, tactile cues may be important as males and females coordinate to release eggs and sperm.

• Communication Channels
• tactile tactile

• Perception Channels
• visual visual
• tactile tactile
• vibrations vibrations
• chemical chemical

Food Habits

Lake whitefish have small mouths and eat mainly small prey, including aquatic insects ( Diptera larvae, Trichoptera larvae, Chironomidae larvae, Hexagenia nymphs, Corixidae ), amphipods (mainly Pontoporeia and Mysis ), mollusks ( Sphaerium and Amnicola especially), and fish eggs and fry. They have been recorded eating small alewives and sculpin . They forage mainly on or near the lake bottom.

• Primary Diet
• carnivore carnivore
  • insectivore insectivore
  • eats non-insect arthropods
  • molluscivore molluscivore

• Animal Foods
• fish
• eggs
• insects
• mollusks
• aquatic crustaceans

Predation

Lake whitefish eggs are eaten by a host of other fish, including yellow perch , ciscoes , and other whitefish. Juvenile lake whitefish are also eaten by a host of larger, predatory fish, including lake trout , northern pike , burbot , and walleye . Adult lake whitefish are largely preyed on by humans.

• Anti-predator Adaptations
• cryptic cryptic

Ecosystem Roles

Lake whitefish are both important prey, as eggs and young, for many other fish species, and important predators of aquatic insects, mollusks, and crustaceans. Lake whitefish are parasitized by introduced sea lampreys .

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Lake whitefish have long formed the basis for important subsistence and commercial fisheries. They are not commonly sought as gamefish, although more anglers are beginning to seek them out. They are difficult to catch with hooks because of the deep water they sometimes inhabit and small mouths. Lake whitefish flesh is considered delicate and delicious and the roe is valued for caviar.

• Positive Impacts
• food food

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

There are no adverse effects of lake whitefish on humans.

Conservation Status

Overfishing and environmental degradation caused a near collapse of lake whitefish fisheries in the Great Lakes during the early part of the 20th century. Water quality improvement and fishery management has improved populations since then, although local populations remain threatened and the health of lake whitefish stocks has not fully recovered under continuing commercial fishing pressure.

Other Comments

Some researchers consider lake whitefish conspecific with Baltic whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus ).

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

BioKIDS Critter Catalog

Contributors

Tanya Dewey (author), Animal Diversity Web.

References

Becker, G. 1983. Fishes of Wisconsin . Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press.

Luna, S. 2008. "Coregonus clupeaformis" (On-line). fishbase.org. Accessed December 11, 2008 at http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=234 .

Michigan Department of Natural Resources, 2008. "Lake Whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis" (On-line). Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Fish Identification. Accessed December 11, 2008 at ttp://www.michigan.gov/dnr/0,1607,7-153-10364_18958-45680--,00.html .