Gliridae

Diversity

The family Gliridae contains 28 species in 9 genera. It can be divided into 3 subfamilies: Graphiurinae ( Graphiurus ); Leithiinae ( Chaetocauda , Dryomys , Eliomys , Muscardinus , Myomimus , and Selevinia ); and Glirinae ( Glirulus and Glis ) (Wilson and Reeder 2005).

The family Gliridae is smaller than it was in the past. More than 30 glirid genera have become extinct since the Eocene (Daams and De Bruijn 1995).

Geographic Range

Gliridae is an Old World family. Its members are found in sub-saharan Africa, in Europe north to southern Scandinavia, and in Asia east to southern China and Japan (Nowak 1999; Vaughan et al. 2000).

• Biogeographic Regions
• palearctic palearctic
  • native native
• oriental oriental
  • native native
• ethiopian ethiopian
  • native native

Habitat

Glirids live in temperate, subtropical, and tropical forests as well as shrubland, savannahs, the banks of rivers and streams, rocky outcrops, gardens, and agricultural areas (Klingener 1984; Nowak 1999; Vaughan et al. 2000). Species in the genus Selvinia inhabit desert scrub (Nowak 1999).

• Habitat Regions
• temperate temperate
• tropical tropical
• terrestrial terrestrial

• Terrestrial Biomes
• savanna or grassland savanna or grassland
• forest forest
• scrub forest scrub forest

• Other Habitat Features
• suburban suburban
• agricultural agricultural
• riparian riparian

Physical Description

Glirids are small to medium sized rodents, up to about 190 mm in head-body length. They resemble squirrels or chipmunks, with compact bodies and bushy tails (except members of the genera Selevinia and Myomimus , which have sparsely-furred tails). The limbs are relatively short; the feet are broad; and the toes are tipped with short, curved claws. Glirids have four functional digits on their forefeet and five on their hindfeet. Their bodies are covered with thick, soft fur. Some species have distinctive black facial markings. Most are good climbers, and arboreal species have well-developed toe pads.

Members of this family are myomorphous , but they differ somewhat from the typical myomorph arrangement of the masseter. Their skulls have an enlarged infraorbital foramen through which passes a slip of the medial masseter , as in other myomorphs, but the zygomatic plate is not as strongly developed as in most other members of the group. Nerves and blood vessels pass through this foramen as well as muscle; glirids lack the separate infraorbital foramen for the passage of nerves and blood vessels that is found in dipodids . The jugal of glirids is horizontal and does not meet the lacrimal . The mandibles are unusual in that the angular process is bent outwards, and in some genera it is perforated. Glirids are sciurognathus .

The dental formula of glirids is 1/1, 0/0, 0-1/0-1, 3/3 = 16 or 20. The incisors are sharply pointed. Cheekteeth are brachydont , and their occlusal surfaces are made up of a series of cusps and basins or parallel enamel ridges. Selevinia (which is sometimes placed in its own family) has very small teeth that scarcely erupt from the gums. These have a very simple occlusal pattern.

• Other Physical Features
• endothermic endothermic
• heterothermic heterothermic
• homoiothermic
• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry

Reproduction

Some glirid species ( Graphiurus and Glis ) are territorial and solitary except during the breeding season. Glis males have been observed fighting at this time, suggesting that they are polygynous. Nowak (1999) noted that while Glis males have been known to remain with females to help care for their young in captivity, in the wild males most likely leave to pursue other females. The mating system for most glirid genera has not been reported.

• Mating System
• polygynous polygynous

Glirids breed in the spring and summer, though wild populations of edible dormice ( Glis glis ) may skip reproduction altogether in years of low food abundance (Ruf et al. 2006). Females bear one to two litters per year, with 2 to 10 young per litter. The gestation period ranges from 21 to 30 days. Young open their eyes after about three weeks, and are weaned and independent after four to six weeks (Nowak 1999).

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous iteroparous
• seasonal breeding seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual sexual
• fertilization fertilization
  • internal internal
• viviparous viviparous

Before giving birth, females construct soft, moss-lined nests in which to raise their offspring. Glirids are eutherian mammals ; therefore, females provide their young with nutrients through the placenta and then through their milk. In captivity, male Glis have been known to help protect and clean their young, but this behavior has not been observed in the wild (Nowak 1999).

• Parental Investment
• altricial altricial
• pre-fertilization
  • provisioning
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-hatching/birth
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-weaning/fledging
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-independence
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female

Lifespan/Longevity

Wild edible dormice ( Glis glis ) have been reported to live up to 12 years. Such a long lifespan may be attributed to the fact that entire populations skip breeding in poor mast years, allowing them to put more energy into survival (Ruf et al. 2006). Lifespans of four years have been reported for other wild dormice ( Dryomys nitedula and Muscardinus avellanarius ). Eliomys quercinus and Graphiurus murinus each live 5 to 6 years in captivity (Carey and Judge 2002).

Behavior

Most glirids are arboreal, though some Eliomys , Dryomys , Graphiurus , and Myomimus are terrestrial. They construct characteristic globular nests of plant matter in trees, shrubs, rock piles, the burrows of other animals, and sometimes even in human habitations (Nowak 1999). Activity patterns are nocturnal and crepuscular (Wahlert et al. 1993). Glirids living in temperate regions put on fat during the fall, then hibernate during inclement weather. Hibernation may last for the majority of the year; Muscardinus individuals, for example, have been reported to hibernate from August until May (Nowak 1999).

Some glirid species are solitary and territorial for part of the year. Territory sizes of 13.9 ha for males and 8.5 ha for females have been reported for Graphiurus . Glis mark their territories with secretions from glands. Though males may fight in the breeding season, several indivdiuals may congregate in the same nest to hibernate. Muscardinus live in small colonies and also hibernate in groups, with up to 11 individuals sharing a nest (Nowak 1999).

• Key Behaviors
• arboreal arboreal
• scansorial
• terricolous
• nocturnal nocturnal
• crepuscular crepuscular
• motile motile
• sedentary sedentary
• hibernation hibernation
• solitary solitary
• territorial territorial
• social social

Communication and Perception

These rodents have acute visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile senses. They are known to emit shrieks, whistles, and chirping noises that may function in communication. Members of the genus Glis scent-mark their territories with glandular secretions (Nowak 1999).

• Communication Channels
• acoustic acoustic
• chemical chemical

• Other Communication Modes
• scent marks scent marks

• Perception Channels
• visual visual
• tactile tactile
• acoustic acoustic
• chemical chemical

Food Habits

Glirids are omnivores, feeding on fruit and nuts and also eating invertebrates, birds and their eggs, and sometimes other rodents. Selevinia feeds mostly on insects and spiders (Vaughan et al. 2000). Glirids that hibernate may store food over the winter and occasionally awake to consume it (Nowak 1999).

• Primary Diet
• carnivore carnivore
  • insectivore insectivore
  • eats non-insect arthropods
• herbivore herbivore
  • frugivore frugivore
  • granivore granivore
• omnivore omnivore

• Foraging Behavior
• stores or caches food stores or caches food

Predation

Owls are the most frequent predators of glirids (Bouvier and Bayle 1989; Vvano and Turini 1996). When alarmed, glirids deliver a painful bite with their sharp incisors, they may also hiss, spit, and leap high into the air (Nowak 1999). Glirids have the ability to regenerate their tails if lost to predators (Vaughan et al. 2000).

• Anti-predator Adaptations
• cryptic cryptic

Ecosystem Roles

Glirids function as primary, secondary, and higher-level consumers in the ecosystem, because they eat both plants and animals (Nowak 1999; Vaughan et al. 2000). They are also prey for owls (Bouvier and Bayle 1989; Vvano and Turini 1996).

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Glis are trapped for their luxuriant fur as well as for their meat, which is considered a delicacy in parts of Europe (Nowak 1999).

• Positive Impacts
• food food
• body parts are source of valuable material

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

These rodents may be detrimental to agriculture, raiding poultry yards and consuming crops such as plums, grapes, pears, and apples. They also sometimes make themselves a nuisance when they nest in houses (Nowak 1999).

• Negative Impacts
• crop pest
• household pest

Conservation Status

Of the 29 glirid species, nine are listed as least concern, four are listed as lower risk, four are listed as vulnerable, and four: Chaetocauda sichuanensis , Glirulus japonicus , Myomimus setzeri , and Selevinia betpakdalaensis , are listed as endangered on the 2006 IUCN Red List. Not enough data is available to rank the remaining eight species. The most immediate threat to glirids is habitat destruction, though pesticide use and loss of genetic variation in isolated populations may also lead to declines (Nowak 1999).

Other Comments

The fossil record of this family begins in the Eocene.

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

Contributors

Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web.

Allison Poor (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.

Phil Myers (earlier author), Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.

References

Bashanov, V., B. Belosludov. 1941. A remarkable family of rodents from Kasakhstan, U.S.S.R.. Journal of Mammalogy , 22: 311-315.

Bashanov, V., B. Belosludov. 1939. New family of the order Rodentia. Ucheyne Zapiski Kazakhskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, Alma Ata , 3: 3-8.

Bouvier, M., P. Bayle. 1989. The diet of the tawny owl Strix aluco in the southern French Alps. Bievre , 10: 1-22.

Bugge, J. 1974. The cephalic arterial system in insectivores, primates, rodents, and lagomorphs, with special reference to the systematic classification. Acta Anatomica , 87 (suppl 62): 1-160.

Carey, J., D. Judge. 2002. "Longevity Records: Life Spans of Mammals, Birds, Amphibians, Reptiles, and Fish" (On-line). Accessed September 08, 2006 at http://www.demogr.mpg.de/ .

Chaline, J., P. Mein. 1979. Les Rongeurs et l'évolution . Paris: Doin.

Daams, R., H. De Bruijn. 1995. A classification of the Gliridae (Rodentia) on the basis of dental morphology. Proceedings of II Conference on Dormice. Hystrix. , 6: 1-50.

DeBry, R. 2003. Identifying conflicting signal in a multigene analysis reveals a highly resolved tree: The phylogeny of Rodentia (Mammalia). Systematic Biology , 52(5): 604-617.

Ellerman, J. 1940. The Families and Genera of Living Rodents, v. 1 . London: British Museum of Natural History.

Gray, J. 1821. On the natural arrangement of vertebrose animals. London Medical Repository , 15(1): 296-310.

Hartenberger, J. 1985. The Order Rodentia: Major questions on their evolutionary origin, relationships and superfamilial systematics. Pp. 1-33 in Evolutionary Relationships Among Rodents, A Multidisciplinary Analysis . New York: Plenum Press.

Holden, M. 1993. Myoxidae. Pp. 763-770 in Mammal Species of the World . Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.

IUCN, 2006. "2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" (On-line). Accessed September 08, 2006 at www.iucnredlist.org .

Klingener, D. 1984. Gliroid and dipodoid rodents. Pp. 381-388 in Orders and Families of Recent Mammals of the World . New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Meng, J. 1990. The auditory region of Reithroparamys delicatissimus (Mammalia, Rodentia) and its systematic implications. American Museum Novitates , 2972: 1-35.

Montgelard, C., C. Matthee, T. Robinson. 2003. Molecular systematics of dormice (Rodentia: Gliridae) and the radiation of Graphiurus in Africa. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B , 270: 1947-1955.

Muirhead, L. 1819. Mazology. Pp. 393-486 in The Edinburgh Encyclopedia , Vol. 13. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.

Nowak, R. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, v. 2 . Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Ognev, S. 1924. Zamechatel'nyi zverok. Priroda i Okhota na Ukraine, Kharkov , 1-2: 115-116.

Parent, J. 1980. Recherche sur l'oreille moyenne des Rongeurs actuels et fossiles. Mém. et Trav. EPHE, Inst. de Montpellier , 11: 1-286.

Ruf, T., J. Fietz, W. Schlund, C. Bieber. 2006. High survival in poor years: Life history tactics adapted to mast seeding in the edible dormouse. Ecology , 87(2): 372-381.

Simpson, G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 85: 1-350.

Storch, G. 1995. Affinities among living dormouse genera. Proceedings of II Conference on Dormice. Hystrix , 6(1-2): 51-62.

Thomas, O. 1906. The Duke of Bedford's zoological exploration in eastern Asia--I. List of mammals obtained by Mr. M. P. Anderson in Japan. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , 2: 331-363.

Vaughan, T., J. Ryan, N. Czaplewski. 2000. Mammalogy . Stamford, CT: Thomson Learning, Inc..

Vvano, B., R. Turini. 1996. The occurrence of dormice (Rodentia, Myoxidae) in the diet of the barn-owl, Tyto alba (Scop., 1769): Data from NW Tuscany (Italy). Atti del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Trieste , 47: 149-158.

Wagner, J. 1840. Beschreibung einiger neuer Nager. Abhandlungen mathematisch-physische Classe, Königliche Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften München , 3: 173-218.

Wahlert, J., S. Sawitzke, M. Holden. 1993. Cranial anatomy and relationships of dormice (Rodentia, Myoxidae). American Museum Novitates , 3061: 1-32.

Wahlert, J. 1978. Cranial foramina and relationships of the Eomyoidea (Rodentia, Geomorpha). Skull and upper teeth of Kansasimys. American Museum Novitates , 2645: 1-16.

Wang, Y. 1985. A new genus and species of Gliridae. Acta Theriologica Sinica , 5: 67-75.

Wilson, D., D. Reeder. 2005. Mammal Species of the World . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.