Marmota sibirica

Geographic Range

Tarbagan marmots, Marmota sibirica , also known as Siberian marmots, are found primarily in Mongolia. There are two subspecies of this taxon, Marmota sibirica sibirica and Marmota sibirica caliginosous . Within Mongolia, M. s. sibirica lives on the eastern steppes and the Hentii mountain range. M. s. caliginosous occupies the northern, western, and central regions of Mongolia, as well as the Hangai, Hövsgöl, and Mongol Altai mountain ranges. Outside of Mongolia, Tarbagan marmots live in parts of China, such as Nei Mongol and Heilongjiang, and parts of Russia, including Siberia, Tuva, and Transbaikalia.

• Biogeographic Regions
• palearctic palearctic
  • native native

• Other Geographic Terms
• holarctic holarctic

Habitat

Tarbagan marmots require habitats with ample vegetation for grazing, such as grasslands, shrublands, mountain steppes, alpine meadows, open steppes, forest steppes, mountain slopes, semi-deserts, river basins, and valleys. They are found altitudes ranging from approximately 600 to 3000 m above sea level. Tarbagan marmots occasionally forage at higher elevations when vegetation is scarce.

The two subspecies typically reside at different elevations. Marmota sibirica sibirica occupies lower steppes and grasslands while M. s. caliginous occupies higher mountain ranges and slopes. At extremes, these marmots are known to reside in alpine fields at 3800 meters.

• Habitat Regions
• temperate temperate

• Terrestrial Biomes
• savanna or grassland savanna or grassland
• forest forest
• mountains mountains

Physical Description

Tarbagan marmots are rodents with stout bodies and short limbs. They weigh between 6 and 8 kg and measure 50 to 60 cm in length. Their tails are bushy and approximately one half of their body length.

Their fur is primarily brown in color, medium length, and fine in texture. Dorsally, the fur is light brown to light rusty colored, often with hints of light, whitish yellow. The color of the fur undergoes minor seasonal changes, from light grayish brown in the spring to reddish brown in late autumn. The fur on the rostrum and around the eyes as well as the tail is darker brown. The ears are light orange-brown.

Marmota sibirica has robust post-orbital processes. The lateral side of the anterior zygomatic arch is lozenge-shaped. The crown of the second upper premolar and the crown of the first molar are equal in size, but are both smaller than the crowns of the last two molars. One of the most important skeletal features of this species is the mandible, both in size and shape. This feature helps to place the species within morphologically-based phylogenetic trees. The mandible size is also extremely sexually dimorphic for the species, with males having significantly larger mandibles than females.

Marmota sibirica and M. baibacina (gray marmots) have extremely similar mandibles, and this similarity has been put forth as evidence for a close phylogenetic relationship between the two taxa. The two species also have similar external characteristics and are believed to have hybridized at some point. However, gray marmots are larger than Tarbagan marmots, and they lack the pronounced sexual dimorphism in the mandible.

• Other Physical Features
• endothermic endothermic
• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry

• Sexual Dimorphism
• male larger

Reproduction

Tarbagan marmots mate in-group, meaning they reproduce with individuals from the extended family colonies in which they live. The marmots pair off within their colony to reproduce, forming either monogamous or polyandrous relationships.

• Mating System
• monogamous monogamous
• polyandrous polyandrous

Tarbagan marmots traditionally breed every other year in April after a successful yield of offspring. Gestation lasts approximately 40 to 42 days. Births occur at the end of May, and young emerge from the burrow in June. Litter size is usually between 4 and 6, but Tarbagan marmots can produce litters of up to 8 offspring. Weaning of other species in the genus Marmota lasts from 28 to 46 days.

In any given year, the percentage of females who reproduce ranges from 17 to 77%, although usually no more than 50% reproduce. During years with abundant rainfall, a higher percentage of females reproduce.

Tarbagan marmots exhibit a unique behavior called delayed reproduction. They are capable of reproduction much earlier than when they actually do. This ability is measured by the maturity index, which is a ratio of a particular organism's current size to the size of a mature adult. At a maturity index of 0.65, Tarbagan marmots should be able to reproduce. Instead, females usually reproduce at the age of 2, at which time their maturity index is greater than 0.65.

• Key Reproductive Features
• seasonal breeding seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual sexual
• viviparous viviparous

Although weaning of marmots usually occurs between 28 to 46 days, Tarbagan marmots are present in their offspring’s lives for 3 years. Marmota sibirica undergoes delayed dispersal, a behavioral trait that leads juveniles to stay with their natal group for longer than necessary. They do not leave their parental burrows until at least 3 years of age. Other members of the extended family colony provide parenting as well, primarily in the form of group hibernation in the winter. This alloparental care increases overall species survival.

• Parental Investment
• male parental care male parental care
• female parental care female parental care
• pre-hatching/birth
  • provisioning
    • female
• pre-weaning/fledging
  • provisioning
    • male
    • female
  • protecting
    • male
    • female
• pre-independence
  • provisioning
    • male
    • female
  • protecting
    • male
    • female
• post-independence association with parents

Lifespan/Longevity

Little is know regarding the lifespan of Tarbagan marmots. Lifespan of other species in the genus Marmota ranges from 13 to 15 years in the wild ( M. bobak , M. marmota , M. flaviventris ) and from 7 to 21 years in captivity.

Behavior

Tarbagan marmots are social animals, living in large colonies of their extended family. This extended family is comprised of a dominant adult pair, subordinate adults, and all of their yearlings (offspring that have yet to be dispersed). Family behavior is largely determined by external factors. In favorable conditions, Tarbagan marmots live in long-lasting, stable families of 13 to 18 individuals. Unfavorable conditions produce unstable, short-lived families of 2 to 6 marmots. Tarbagan marmots are socially integrated in the summer, only separating for a short time. Population density can be influenced by the timing of vegetation growth; the earlier the vegetation begins to grow, the denser the marmot population.

Tarbagan marmots are very territorial. In an area of sympatry of Marmota sibirica and Marmota baibacina , Tarbagan marmots forced the other species into bouldery screes. Through this territorial behavior, they were able to freely inhabit the most advantageous habitats. While remaining territorial, Tarbagan marmots were found to coexist in the same territories as Marmota baibacina . This supports the theory that these two species occasionally live in mixed families, implying an increased chance of hybridization.

Tarbagan marmots hibernate in the fall, using their burrows for protection. They use dirt, sticks, feces, leaves, and urine to seal their burrows during hibernation. Length of hibernation is influenced by weather and summer food conditions.

Because of their relatively large body size and short active season, Tarbagan marmots exhibit a behavior called delayed dispersion. The growing season after birth is very short, and juveniles cannot reach a maturity index that would allow them to successfully disperse before their first hibernation. They require an additional summer to reach this maturity index. However, by that time, the individuals have become solidified in a social group. They are dominated by older marmots in the extended family colony, causing them to suppress reproduction and participate in alloparental care of offspring. This care comes primarily in the form of group hibernation (social thermoregulation). When they finally have the opportunity to reproduce, they are well beyond sexual maturity. Tarbagan marmots usually disperse at age three.

Tarbagan marmots are fairly strong and most active in the forenoon.

• Key Behaviors
• terricolous
• fossorial fossorial
• diurnal diurnal
• motile motile
• hibernation hibernation
• territorial territorial
• social social
• colonial colonial
• dominance hierarchies dominance hierarchies

Home Range

Some studies concluded that Tarbagan marmots prefer to maintain a home range of 3 to 6 ha, but will live in 2 ha unfavorably. Other studies indicate that they live in 1.7 ha. This variation is due to available vegetation. When resources are scarce, Tarbagan marmots are more likely to expand their range to search for food.

Communication and Perception

One of the most important modes of communication of Tarbagan marmots is their alarm call. The acoustic makeup of their alarm call is unique to this species and has been used to distinguish them from other kinds of marmots, particularly Marmota baibacina .

Tarbagan marmots become more perceptive to predator approach with age, allowing them to quickly retreat into their burrows.

• Communication Channels
• acoustic acoustic

• Perception Channels
• tactile tactile
• chemical chemical

Food Habits

Tarbagan marmots are herbivorous and have a fairly simple diet, which consists largely of grasses. Additionally, they eat 10 to 15 types of herbs as well as wood plants like sagebrush . Cellulose content of a typical diet is 20 to 25%. When this cellulose content is too high, food consumption and assimilation decreases.

In order to forage for fresh vegetation, Tarbagan marmots often climb higher to reach unspoiled food supplies. After hibernation and for the first half of their active season, they primarily eat grasses and some herbs. During the second half of their active season, however, they eat mostly herbs. For this reason, habitats completely dominated by grasses are not preferred.

• Primary Diet
• herbivore herbivore
  • folivore folivore

• Plant Foods
• leaves

Predation

The most common predators of Tarbagan marmots are wolves , red foxes , hawks , buzzards , brown bears , snow leopards , and eagles . Tarbagan marmots have a variety of anti-predator adaptions. Their fur is usually a brownish color that blends in with the soil of their habitats. They emit alarm calls to warn others of the presence of predators. They also burrow to keep themselves and their young safe. Juveniles experience the greatest mortality, as they often play around the burrows in the early summer, leaving them exposed to predators. Older marmots are shy and more adept at slipping back into their burrows at the sign of predation.

• Anti-predator Adaptations
• aposematic aposematic
• cryptic cryptic

Ecosystem Roles

Tarbagan marmots are keystone species, playing a vital role in the biogeographic zones they occupy.

In the arid steppe habitat, burrows of Tarbagan marmots are used by corsac foxes, Vulpes corsac . Although capable of making burrows, use of pre-existing marmot burrows enhances survival, as this behavior is an energy-efficient adaption to their environment, which is characterized by fluctuating food resources. As populations of Tarbagan marmots decline, it is believed that populations of corsac foxes will also decline.

When burrowing, Tarbagan marmots create mounds with unique vegetative characteristics that vary with level of disturbance. These mounds are usually dominated by one species of plant. In a Stipa steppe in Mongolia (a common habitat of Tarbagan marmots), vegetation mounds were commonly comprised of Stipa krylovii , Artemisia adamsii , and Leymus chinensis . With increased marmot disturbance, species richness decreased in vegetation mounds, especially in those dominated by Leymus and Artemisia . However, this marmot behavior led to better forage quality in Leymus and Artemisia mounds.

Tarbagan marmots host a variety of parasites, including fleas ( Ceratrophyllus silantievi ), ticks ( Rhipicephalis ), and tapeworms ( Ctenotaenia marmotae ).

• Ecosystem Impact
• soil aeration soil aeration
• keystone species keystone species

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Local populations of Mongolian herders use the meat of Tarbagan marmots for food and their body parts for medicine. Oil from Tarbagan marmots is harvest, as it contains high levels of corticosterone and is traditionally used as a leather conditioner, dietary supplement, and a remedy for burns, frostbite, anemia, and tuberculosis. Furs are used locally and sold for profit in national and international trade. Sport hunting of Tarbagan marmots also occurs.

• Positive Impacts
• food food
• body parts are source of valuable material
• source of medicine or drug source of medicine or drug

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

Tarbagan marmots are vectors of the bubonic plague ( Yersina pestis ). They have been known to cause outbreaks in their environments, as they can carry the disease when infected with parasites such as Certrophyllus silantievi (fleas) and ticks of the genus Rhipicephalis . An outbreak of the plague in 1911 caused the deaths of 50,000 natives, and an outbreak in 1921 caused 9,000 deaths. Both outbreaks have been attributed to disease-carrying Tarbagan marmots. Recent studies have determined that infected marmots need not be spread out over a large area to to cause a wide-scale impact. Humans can also contract the plague by eating diseased meat. Some populations of Tarbagan marmots develop a rapid genetic immunity to the plague, indicated by higher body temperature.

• Negative Impacts
• injures humans
  • carries human disease

Conservation Status

Tarbagan marmots are considered endangered by the IUCN. The population has been experiencing a long term decline, and 70% of the population was lost in the 1990s. This decline is primarily attributed to exploitation by human enterprise (food, fur, sport) and disease (the plague). Most notably, Tarbagan marmots have been hunted vigorously for their skins. Between 1906 and 1994, 104.2 million skins were prepared in Mongolia alone. Additionally, fear of the plague has led to massive extermination campaigns, removing both infected and healthy marmots.

Tarbagan marmots in Russia are particularly threatened, as they rarely occur in the wild. This species is protected under the Mongolian Protected Area Laws and Hunting Laws, though these laws do not specifically focus on Marmota sibirica .

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

Contributors

Harry VanDusen (author), Yale University, Eric Sargis (editor), Yale University, Rachel Racicot (editor), Yale University, Gail McCormick (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff.

References

Allen, G. 1940. The Mammals of China and Mongolia Part 2 . New York, NY: The American Museum of Natural History.

Armitage, K. 2000. The evolution, ecology, and systematics of marmots. Oecologia Montana , 9(1-2): 1-18. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://www.eeb.ucla.edu/Faculty/Blumstein/MarmotsOfRMBL/pdfs/Armitage_2000.pdf .

Armitage, K. 1999. Evolution of Sociality in Marmots. Journal of Mammalogy , 80(1): 1-10. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1383202 .

Batbold, J., N. Batsaikhan, K. Tsytsulina, G. Sukhchuluun. 2008. " Marmota sibirica " (On-line). In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/details/12832/0 .

Blumstein, D. 2002. "Tarvaga (Mongolian), Tarbagan (Russian), or Mongolian marmot" (On-line). The Marmot Burrow. Accessed May 22, 2012 at http://www.marmotburrow.ucla.edu/sibirica.html .

Blumstein, D., K. Armitage. 1999. Cooperative Breeding in Marmots. Oikos , 84(3): 369-382. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://www.jstor.org/stable/3546418?origin=JSTOR-pdf .

Blumstein, D., J. Daniel, A. Bryant. 2001. Anti-Predator Behavior of Vancouver Island Marmots: Using Congeners to Evaluate Abilities of a Critically Endangered Mammal. Ethology , 1(107): 1-14. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://www.eeb.ucla.edu/Faculty/Blumstein/pdf%20reprints/Blumstein_etal_2001_VIM.pdf .

Brandler, O., A. Nikol'sky, V. Kolesnikov. 2010. Spatial distribution of Marmota baibacina and M. sibirica (Marmota, Sciuridae, Rodentia) in a zone of sympatry in Mongolian Altai: bioacoustic analysis. Biology Bulletin , 37(3): 380-384. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://www.springerlink.com/content/hxl24u2702052736/fulltext.pdf .

Cardini, A. 2003. The Geometry of the Marmot (Rodentia: Sciuridae) Mandible: Phylogeny and Patterns of Morphological Evolution. Systematic Biology , 52(2): 186-205. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3651124.pdf?acceptTC=true .

Clark, E., J. Munkhbat, S. Dulamtseren, J. Baillie, N. Batsaikhan, S. King, R. Samiya, M. Stubbe. 2006. Marmota sibirica in Summer Conservation Action Plans for Mongolian Mammals. Regional Red List Series , 2: 26-29. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://marmota.cons-dev.org/marm/MARM/BIBMAR/BibpdfBa/10538.pdf .

Elton, C. 1925. Plague and the Regulation of Numbers in Wild Mammals. The Journal of Hygiene , 24(2): 138-163. Accessed May 22, 2012 at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2167669/pdf/jhyg00279-0031.pdf .

Ganzorig, S., Y. Oku, S. Gardner, M. Kamiya. 2007. Multiplication of Ovaries in Ctenotaenia marmotae (Frolich, 1802) (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae). Comparative Parasitology , 74(1): 151-153.

Murdoch, J., T. Munkhzul, S. Buyandelger, R. Reading, C. Sillero-Zubiri. 2009. The Endangered Siberian marmot Marmota sibirica as a keystone species? Observations and implications of burrow use by corsac foxes Vulpes corsac in Mongolia. Oryx: The International Journal of Conservation , 43(3): 431-434. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayFulltext?type=1&fid=5917848&jid=ORX&volumeId=43&issueId=03&aid=5917840&bodyId=&membershipNumber=&societyETOCSession= .

Smith, A., Y. Xie. 2008. A Guide to the Mammals of China . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://books.google.com/books?id=ka-9f68nPT4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false .

Van Staalduinen, M., M. Werger. 2007. Marmot disturbances in a Mongolian steppe vegetation. Journal of Arid Environments , 69(2): 344-351. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196306002631 .

Wolff, J., P. Sherman. 2007. Rodent societies: An Ecological & Evolutionary perspective . Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Accessed May 01, 2012 at http://books.google.com/books?id=o4CB89wYLeMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false .

de Magalhaes, J., J. Costa. 2009. A database of vertebrate longevity records and their relation to other life-history traits. Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 22(8): 1770-1774. Accessed July 16, 2012 at http://genomics.senescence.info/species/query.php?search=marmota .