Geographic Range
Eared doves (
Zenaida auriculata
) are native to the Caribbean and South America, ranging from Trinidad and other Caribbean
Islands to southern Argentina. They are common to the Chaco region of Argentina and
Paraguay, where they form semi-permanent breeding colonies, and to the semi-arid corridor
between the coastal and Amazonian rainforests where they migrate to temporary breeding
colonies in northeastern Brazil.
- Biogeographic Regions
- neotropical
Habitat
Eared doves live in arid to semi-arid scrubland ranging up to 4,400 m above sea level.
They inhabit open grassland with some trees or woodland patches, although tropical
forests are avoided. They breed in dense patches of vegetation, nesting under thorny
bromeliads and under tree and shrub canopies.
They are also very commonly found in urban and suburban parks, gardens, industrial
areas and among agricultural areas where they are a major pest species. Adapting well
to human activity, their range has expanded as a result of agricultural development
of rainforest as well as urban expansion.
- Habitat Regions
- temperate
- tropical
- terrestrial
- Terrestrial Biomes
- savanna or grassland
- scrub forest
- Other Habitat Features
- urban
- suburban
- agricultural
Physical Description
Eared doves are a small dove species, similar to mourning doves (
Zenaida macroura
) in color and pattern. They range in length from 22 to 28 cm with a wingspan from
13.5 to 16.3 cm. They weigh between 120 to 180 g.
Compared to
mourning doves
, eared doves have shorter, less graduated tails, heavier black bills, and plumage
of yellow bronze metallic iridescence on the nape and sides of neck. They are generally
gray or olive-brown with a pink to vinaceous breast and underbody. They have a bare
orbital space beneath the eye and a rosy forehead and throat. They have black spots
beneath the ear coverts and behind the eyes and on the outer scapulars. Their feet
and tarsi are red or red-violet.
Females are generally a duller brown with a reduced irridescent display on their neck.
They also have less intense pink on their breasts and head. Juveniles are duller still
than adult females, with narrow wedge-shaped streaks on the breasts and sides of the
neck. They also have dull white streaks on the terminal ends of their wing coverts
and scapulars.
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- homoiothermic
- bilateral symmetry
- Sexual Dimorphism
- male more colorful
Reproduction
Eared doves form breeding pairs and raise their young together. In some areas they
form large breeding colonies. Male eared doves have two courtship displays: the chase
display and the nest-site display. The chase display entails the male running after
the female while vigorously flapping his wings and periodically stopping to coo while
inflating his neck. In the nest-site display, the male will crouch over the potential
nest-site while raising his tail feathers, fanning them to display his tail pattern
while inflating his neck and cooing.
- Mating System
- monogamous
Eared doves may breed colonially or in pairs, depending on the region. Throughout
most of their range, eared doves nest in pairs. They usually nest above ground, but
regionally they nest on the ground as well. Small nest platforms are built of twigs
and lined with grasses in dense low shrubs or trees, usually 1 to 18 m above the ground.
With a clutch size of usually 2 eggs, 52% of nests successfully rear at least one
chick. Incubation lasts about 14 days and squabs fledge after 12 to 15 days. Hatchlings
feed exclusively on crop milk and, as they mature, they are fed increasing amounts
of seeds. As is common among
Zenaida
species, young birds quickly become independent, allowing the adults to breed again.
Eared dove breeding season is variable according to local food availability. They
nest from March to August in Colombia, from April to November in Venezuela, from December
to January and again from March to September in Trinidad. In Argentina they nest from
April to August and in Brazil they nest throughout the year with a peak from April
to June. Typically, breeding often followed the rainy season. But, in cultivated regions,
such as in Argentina, nesting continues through most of the year.
Breeding colonies are exclusively found in northeastern Brazil’s caatinga region and
in cultivated regions of Argentina. Colonial breeding is only endemic to the caatinga
region. Colonies average about 5 km long by 1 km wide, containing up to 5 million
individuals. In the caatinga region, nests are always on the ground, under thorny
scrub and beneath tree or shrub canopy. Internally, the colonies are synchronized,
building nests rapidly and laying eggs between the first and second week on the site.
The birds breed only once and leave the colony quickly. Entire colonies disperse within
60 days of forming, leaving behind juveniles and a few adults.
Colonial breeding is novel to Argentina, made possible by extensive cultivation of
leguminous crops. Although Argentinian colonies are located in a similar habitat with
similar predators, nests are almost exclusively made off the ground. It is thought
that ground nesting is associated with the scarcity of food in Caatinga, requiring
faster nest building and colonial dispersal.
- Key Reproductive Features
- iteroparous
- seasonal breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- oviparous
Eared dove mated pairs cooperate to create nests, incubate, and protect their young to fledging, including creating crop milk to nourish their young after hatching.
- Parental Investment
- precocial
- male parental care
- female parental care
-
pre-fertilization
- provisioning
-
protecting
- female
-
pre-hatching/birth
-
provisioning
- female
-
protecting
- male
- female
-
provisioning
-
pre-weaning/fledging
-
provisioning
- male
- female
-
protecting
- male
- female
-
provisioning
Lifespan/Longevity
Information on eared dove lifespan is not reported in the literature. However, other Zenaida species typically live an average of less than two years because of high mortality in young, but may live up to nearly 20 years old.
Behavior
Eared doves are terrestrial, conspicuous, and not shy. They are very adaptable to
the presence of humans. They are commonly found in cities, suburbs, and agricultural
regions, feeding in parks and gardens. They have been compared to rock pigeons (
Columba livia
) in North America. Roosting communally, they often reproduce in urban environments.
Although they are usually found in pairs or small groups, they sometimes occur in
large flocks.
Eared doves make sporadic and seasonal movements throughout their range. They make
significant migrations across the South American lowlands. In Patagonia they migrate
north or concentrate in urban areas during the winter months. Enormous numbers of
doves migrate to the breeding colonies in northeastern Brazil following the wet season.
Although eared doves may form the “strongest migration yet known among native birds
in South America” little is published on the subject.
Home Range
Home range sizes of eared doves are not reported in the literature.
Communication and Perception
Eared doves produce a deep, growling, melancholic coo that begins with a loud pure
note and becomes progressively deeper, with more growling. During courtship, eared
doves exhibit a bowing display that is similar to other
dove
species. Their display consists of standing and cooing while inflating the neck and
fanning their tail, revealing the tail pattern. The males may exhibit a flying display
in which they fly to a high point and glide down in a circular pattern while inflating
their neck.
Food Habits
Eared doves exploit many available foods, but primarily feed on seeds picked up off
the ground. They take advantage of cultivated grain crops and are often considered
a pest species in agricultural areas. When in season, agricultural plants such as
wheat, rice, sorghum, maize and soybeans may comprise the entirety of the diet. From
December to March, when crops are being sown and are hence unavailable, eared doves
rely on their native diet.
In non-agricultural areas, eared doves rely on native seeds and grains. Small seeds
of annual plants that can be collected from the ground compose the majority of their
diet.
Echinochloa colonum
, a common savannah grass, and
Croton jacobinensis
are important seed food for these doves. Their diet may also be augmented by animal
foods, such as caterpillars, insect pupae, aphids, and snails.
- Animal Foods
- insects
- Plant Foods
- seeds, grains, and nuts
Predation
Because eared doves are a terrestrial species that often nest on or close to the ground,
they are subject to a variety of predators. Adults are preyed upon by terrestrial
predators, such as oncillas (
Leopardus tigrinus
), lesser grisons (
Galictis cuja
), tayras (
Eira Barbara
), big-eared opossums (
Didelphis aurita
), rufous-crested cacholotes (
Pseidoseisura cristata
), and various species of lizard and snake. Common egg and nestling predators are
red-backed hawks (
Buteo polyosoma
), Chimango caracaras (
Milvago chimango
),
opossums
and possibly Guira cuckoos (
Guira guira
). Opossums are known to forage in breeding colonies for eggs, but heavy predation
is countered by the massive numbers and synchronized breeding patterns in colonies.
Ecosystem Roles
Eared doves are common or abundant in parts of their range and play important roles in seed predation, seed dispersal, and serve as important prey species for terrestrial and avian predators.
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
In Argentina and Brazil, adult birds are hunted and their eggs are collected for food.
- Positive Impacts
- food
Economic Importance for Humans: Negative
Eared doves are viewed as a pest species in many parts of South America. Today, the
bulk of their diet is composed of agricultural seeds and grains such as wheat and
millet. In Colombia, eared doves are reported to cause significant economic damage
to soy bean crops. Brazil reports similar problems with wheat and rice crops. Despite
heated debates over control measures, many parts of South America spend significant
sums of money on eradication projects each year.
In addition to agricultural damage, eared doves are carrier species for St. Louis
Encephalitis Virus (SLEV). Horses, cattle, and domestic birds have also been found
to be naturally infected with SLEV in South America, SLEV is transmitted by mosquito
and is potentially fatal to humans. An outbreak in 2005 resulted in 47 confirmed cases
of human infection with 9 fatalities.
- Negative Impacts
-
injures humans
- carries human disease
- crop pest
- causes or carries domestic animal disease
Conservation Status
Eared doves are not threatened and are common throughout their South American range.
They are extensively hunted in in breeding colonies in Argentina and Brazil, for food
and crop protection. Following their arrival to the colonies, many people congregate
to collect eggs and hunt the birds. Although the birds still congregate and form huge
migratory flocks, there is evidence that colonies in north-eastern Brazil are dwindling.
Reserves in Brazil have been proposed to preserve the massive migrations and colonies
of eared doves.
Additional Links
Contributors
Daniel Houvener (author), Northern Michigan University, Alec Lindsay (editor), Northern Michigan University, Tanya Dewey (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
- Neotropical
-
living in the southern part of the New World. In other words, Central and South America.
- native range
-
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- temperate
-
that region of the Earth between 23.5 degrees North and 60 degrees North (between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle) and between 23.5 degrees South and 60 degrees South (between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle).
- tropical
-
the region of the earth that surrounds the equator, from 23.5 degrees north to 23.5 degrees south.
- terrestrial
-
Living on the ground.
- tropical savanna and grassland
-
A terrestrial biome. Savannas are grasslands with scattered individual trees that do not form a closed canopy. Extensive savannas are found in parts of subtropical and tropical Africa and South America, and in Australia.
- savanna
-
A grassland with scattered trees or scattered clumps of trees, a type of community intermediate between grassland and forest. See also Tropical savanna and grassland biome.
- temperate grassland
-
A terrestrial biome found in temperate latitudes (>23.5° N or S latitude). Vegetation is made up mostly of grasses, the height and species diversity of which depend largely on the amount of moisture available. Fire and grazing are important in the long-term maintenance of grasslands.
- scrub forest
-
scrub forests develop in areas that experience dry seasons.
- urban
-
living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity.
- suburban
-
living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns.
- agricultural
-
living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture.
- endothermic
-
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- bilateral symmetry
-
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
- monogamous
-
Having one mate at a time.
- iteroparous
-
offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). Iteroparous animals must, by definition, survive over multiple seasons (or periodic condition changes).
- seasonal breeding
-
breeding is confined to a particular season
- sexual
-
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- oviparous
-
reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body.
- young precocial
-
young are relatively well-developed when born
- male parental care
-
parental care is carried out by males
- female parental care
-
parental care is carried out by females
- arboreal
-
Referring to an animal that lives in trees; tree-climbing.
- diurnal
-
- active during the day, 2. lasting for one day.
- motile
-
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- migratory
-
makes seasonal movements between breeding and wintering grounds
- solitary
-
lives alone
- social
-
associates with others of its species; forms social groups.
- colonial
-
used loosely to describe any group of organisms living together or in close proximity to each other - for example nesting shorebirds that live in large colonies. More specifically refers to a group of organisms in which members act as specialized subunits (a continuous, modular society) - as in clonal organisms.
- visual
-
uses sight to communicate
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- food
-
A substance that provides both nutrients and energy to a living thing.
- causes or carries domestic animal disease
-
either directly causes, or indirectly transmits, a disease to a domestic animal
- herbivore
-
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
- granivore
-
an animal that mainly eats seeds
- visual
-
uses sight to communicate
- tactile
-
uses touch to communicate
- acoustic
-
uses sound to communicate
- chemical
-
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
References
Almeida, F. 2008. Eared dove (Zenaida auriculata, Columbidae) as host for St. Louis encephalitis virus (Flaviviridae, Flavivirus). Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases , 8/4: 277.
Bucher, E. 1982. Colonial Breeding of the Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata) in Northeastern Brazil. Biotropica , 14/4: 255-261.
Gibbs, D., E. Barnes. 2001. Pigeons and doves: a guide to the pigeons and doves of the world . London: Gardners Books.
Goodwin, D., R. Gillmor. 1983. Pigeons and doves of the world . Ithaca, New York: British Museum (Natural History).
Goodwin, D. 1966. The Bowing Display of Pigeons in Reference to Phylogeny.. The Auk , 83/1: 117-123.
Murton, R., E. Bucher. 1974. The Ecology of the Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata) in Argentina.. The Condor , 76/1: 80-88.
Naumburg, E., E. Kaempfer. 1933. A study of Zenaida auriculata. American Museum novitates , 1: 1.
Ranvaud, R., K. Freitas. 2001. Diet of Eared Doves (Zenaida auriculata, Aves, Columbidae) in a sugar-cane colony in South-eastern Brazil.. Brazilian Journal of Biology , 61/4: 651-660.
Rozzi, R. 2010. Multi-Ethnic Bird Guide of the Subantarctic Forests of South America . Denton, Texas: University of North Texas Press.
Sick, H. 1968. Vogelwanderungen im kontinentalen SĂĽdamerika.. Vogelwarte , 24: 217-243.
Villegas, M., A. Garitano-zavala. 2010. Bird community responses to different urban conditions in La Paz, Bolivia.. Urban Ecosystems , 13/3: 375-391.