Lasiurus blossevillii

Geographic Range

Lasiurus blossevillii , the western red bat, exhibits a widespread distribution, including southern British Columbia, most of the western United States, through Mexico and Central America, and even as far south as Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Chile in South America. It is also present in Tobago and Trinidad, and can be found in the Galapagos.

• Biogeographic Regions
• nearctic nearctic
  • native native
• neotropical neotropical
  • native native

Habitat

Roosting sites of Lasiurus blossevillii are found in the foliage of trees and shrubs in forests, most commonly 1.5 to 12 m above the ground. The western red bat's ideal roosting tree is dark and sheltered above the roost sit for protection from predators and clear below the roost, allowing the bat to easily exit and approach the tree. It often relies on riparian trees for roosting and foraging, and has been associated with mature stands of cottonwood, sycamore, and willows adjacent to streams. Lasiurus blossevillii has also been associated with some fruit trees in orchards, and some evidence has been found to indicate that they may occasionally use caves. They can often be seen feeding in rural and suburban areas, around streetlights and other light sources.

• Habitat Regions
• temperate temperate
• terrestrial terrestrial

• Terrestrial Biomes
• forest forest

• Other Habitat Features
• suburban suburban
• agricultural agricultural
• riparian riparian
• caves

Physical Description

Lasiurus blossevillii is a medium sized bat with red-colored pelage, varying from rusty red to brownish red. This red fur distinguishes L. blossevillii from all other western bats with the exception of the Eastern Red Bat, Lasiurus borealis , which is slightly larger. Most cranial measurements of L. blossevillii are significantly larger than other species, and it also lacks the frosted appearance that L. borealis exhibits. Lasiurus blossevilli has a short rostrum and ears that are short and rounded, with a prominent tragus. Its interfemoral membrane is covered in fur, with the exception of the last posterior third of the membrane, which is only sparsely haired. Their tails extend to the edge of the uropatagium. Western red bats have a total length of 103 mm. Length from notch to ear averages 13 mm, and forearm length is 35 to 45 mm. Average length of tail is 49 mm, with a foot length of 10 mm.

• Other Physical Features
• endothermic endothermic
• homoiothermic
• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry

Reproduction

Vespertilionids have been known to exhibit diverse mating systems. Though there is not much information on L. blossevillii , in its family there are systems such as monogamy, polyandry, seasonal multi male/multi female groups, year-round harems with less stable female composition, and seasonal single male/multi female groups. Some vespertilionids have also exhibited promiscuous mating systems and resource defense polygyny.

Red bats can have up to five pups in a litter, unlike most in the vespertillionidae family which tend to have a single offspring each year. Some vespertillionids have the ability to delay certain aspects of reproduction as an adaptation for their winter hibernation, such as storing sperm until spring. Because the insects that the bats eat are most abundant during the early summer, red bats mate in late summer to early fall and store the sperm in the vagina or uterus until after hibernation. Once the female has aroused from hibernation, ovulation occurs and the sperm is motile. This allows the babies to be born during the ideal time for their feeding habits. Once the pups are born, they can fly at 3 to 6 weeks of age.

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous iteroparous
• seasonal breeding seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual sexual
• viviparous viviparous
• sperm-storing sperm-storing
• delayed fertilization delayed fertilization

Though there is not much data on the parental investment that L. blossevillii displays, there have been many observations of the closely related Lasiurus borealis that may have similar parental care. During the day, a L. borealis mother allows her young to cling to her with their wings while she hangs. The babies hang from a twig or leaf as they clasp their mother so that she is not burdened by the full weight of of her pups. During any hour of the day, young can be found exercising, stretching, cleaning themselves, and interacting with their mother. The mother will leave the young in the evening to search for food. Vespertillionid mothers will provide milk for their pups while they grow until they have reached at least 90% of their adult wing dimensions. This is a unique investment into the young that is advantageous because the pups are unable to maintain flight and forage for a long period of time until they have reached those wing dimensions.

• Parental Investment
• altricial altricial
• female parental care female parental care
• pre-independence
  • provisioning
    • female
• extended period of juvenile learning

Lifespan/Longevity

The lifespan of Lasiurus blossevillii is unknown.

Behavior

There is not any evidence at this time to indicate that Western Red Bats undergo mass migration, but some evidence is available for the eastern form and other Lasiurus species. Most Lasiurus species migrate seasonally, traveling to more temperate climates for the winter, but some red bats have been discovered to hibernate in leaf litter throughout the winter instead of migrating. It is unknown whether this is the case for L. blossevillii or not. It is difficult to determine if western red bats migrate during cold winters considering that most western red bats have been recorded in California during the winter, where they would not experience extreme winter climates. Lasiurus blossevillii tends to roost alone in the foliage of trees such as willows, cottonwoods, and sycamores. These roost sites are used during the day as the bat sleeps, and are left roughly two hours after sunset to forage for insects.

• Key Behaviors
• flies
• nocturnal nocturnal
• crepuscular crepuscular
• motile motile
• solitary solitary

Communication and Perception

Vespertilionids possess a specialized larynx that allows them to produce ultrasonic sounds which are then emitted through their nose or mouth. This form of communication is called echolocation. The ultrasonic sound refracts off of objects and returns to their highly modified ears. The bat's brain can then use the information gathered from the echoes to produce a picture of its surroundings. Because L. blossevillii is active at dusk and during the night, it uses echolocation to avoid running into objects while flying and also uses it to locate food as it is foraging without the aid of light.

• Communication Channels
• visual visual
• acoustic acoustic

• Perception Channels
• tactile tactile
• acoustic acoustic
• ultrasound ultrasound
• echolocation echolocation
• chemical chemical

Food Habits

Red bats have a diet of insects, with about 26% of that diet consisting of moths. They forage from tree canopy height to just above ground. They typically begin one to two hours after sunset, with the majority of their foraging corresponding with the activity of the nocturnal insects that they are hunting, sometimes foraging throughout the night to catch the insects that are active in the early hours before sunrise. Lasiurus blossevillii has been observed feeding in urban areas around street lights and flood lights, but seem to prefer towns and rural areas to the more highly human populated urban areas. The winter feeding habits of L. blossevillii are not well understood, but recent documentations indicate that they occasionally arouse from their hibernation during warm days to forage briefly, then return to their hibernation when temperatures drop again.

• Primary Diet
• carnivore carnivore
  • insectivore insectivore

• Animal Foods
• insects

• Foraging Behavior
• stores or caches food stores or caches food

Predation

While many other bat species are well protected from predators due to dwelling in caves and crevices during the day, Lasiurus blossevillii is more open to predation because of its foliage dwelling habits. Western red bats have been recorded being preyed upon by Virginia opossums , and have been attacked and killed by birds on numerous occasions, with jays being the most common attackers. Other birds that prey upon these bats include falcons, owls, raptors in the genus Accipiter , and even roadrunners . Domestic cats have also been known to prey upon these bats.

Ecosystem Roles

Lasiurus blossevillii plays an important part in its ecosystem as an insect consumer. With its consumption of insects each night it aids in managing the population of certain insects such as moths and mosquitoes.

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Lasiurus blossevillii benefits humans through insect control, as red bats are insectivores and consume large amounts of insects when they forage at night. Another beneficial aspect is that western red bats are not commonly found inside human residences, as they tend to stay away from most urbanized areas, so there is little interaction.

• Positive Impacts
• controls pest population

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

A potential detriment to human populations that these bats present is disease transmission. Two diseases that bats can transfer to humans are rabies and histoplasmosis. A significantly low percentage of these bats contract rabies, so they do not pose a larger threat to humans that dogs or cats. In the instance that a bat has rabies, it will rarely show signs of aggression and will die shortly after. Humans can be exposed to histoplasmosis when contaminated dust particles in the air are inhaled.

• Negative Impacts
• injures humans
  • causes disease in humans causes disease in humans
• causes or carries domestic animal disease causes or carries domestic animal disease

Conservation Status

Lasiurus blossevillii is categorized as a species of "least concern" by the IUCN.

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

BioKIDS Critter Catalog

Contributors

Jenifer Lavender (author), Georgia Southern University, Michelle Cawthorn (editor), Georgia Southern University, Angela Miner (editor), Animal Diversity Web Staff.

References

Barbour, R., W. Davis. 1969. Bats of America . Lexington, Kentucky: The University of Kentucky Press.

Bucknell Univesity, 2008. " Lasiurus Blossevillii " (On-line). Wilson & Reeder’s Mammal Species of the World, Third Edition. Accessed April 22, 2013 at http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=13801890 .

Lesson and Garnot, 1997. "Western Red Bat, Lasiurus blossevillii " (On-line). Accessed April 22, 2013 at http://www.nsrl.ttu.edu/tmot1/lasiblos.htm .

McCracken, G., G. Wilkinson. 2000. Bat Mating Systems. Reproductive Biology of Bats , 12: 3-5. Accessed April 22, 2013 at http://www.life.umd.edu/faculty/wilkinson/batchapter.pdf .

Pierson, E., W. Rainey. 2004. "Distribution and Status of Western Red Bats ( Lasiurus blossevillii ) in California" (On-line). State of California Resources Agency, Department of Fish and Game habitat Conservation Planning Branch.. Accessed April 22, 2013 at http://mlpa.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/publications/bm_research/docs/2006_04.pdf .

Pierson, E., W. Rainey. 1998. "Terrestrial Mammal Species of Special Concern in California" (On-line). California Department of Fish and Game. Accessed April 22, 2013 at http://www.dfg.ca.gov/wildlife/nongame/ssc/docs/mammal/species/11.pdf .

Racey, P., S. Swift. 1995. Ecology, Evolution and Behavior of Bats . Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, 2013. "Western Red Bat ( Lasiurus blossevillii )" (On-line). Texas Parks & Wildlife. Accessed April 22, 2013 at http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/westred/ .

Woodward, N. 2004. " Lasiurus borealis , Red Bat" (On-line). Accessed April 22, 2013 at http://www4.uwsp.edu/biology/facilities/vertebrates/Mammals%20of%20Wisconsin/Lasiurus%20borealis/Lasiurus%20borealis%20page.htm .