Geographic Range
Haplonycteris fischeri , also known as the pygmy fruit bat, or simply the pigmy bat, is found only in some of the Philippine Islands at altitudes ranging from below 100 meters to above 1,500 meters (Nowak, 1999).
- Biogeographic Regions
- oriental
- pacific ocean
- Other Geographic Terms
- island endemic
Habitat
Haplonycteris fischeri prefers primary forests and is rarely found elsewhere.
- Terrestrial Biomes
- forest
- rainforest
Physical Description
The pygmy fruit bat gets its name from its small size when compared to other megachiropterans. The average mass of an individual is between 16 and 20 grams and the average body length is between 68 and 80 millimeters. These bats lack tails, have thumbs measuring up to 25 millimeters in length, and are cinnamon brown with a darker brown head. The number of teeth appears to be reduced in favor of larger individual teeth. The teeth have strongly developed transverse ridges and cusps (Nowak, 1999).
- Other Physical Features
- endothermic
- bilateral symmetry
Reproduction
Males reach sexual maturity within 11 months, while females reach sexual maturity
within 3-5 months. Females usually become pregnant as soon as maturity is reached.
Most parous females ovulate between late May and early July, while most young females
ovulate between August and September. This means that mating takes place in at least
6 months of the year, and probably more.
Upon fertilization, the embryo implants in the mother's uterus, but development then
dramatically slows for a period of up to 8 months. After this delay, the rate of
development increases and development completes in approximately 3 months, making
pregnancy last over 11 months. This makes
Haplonycteris fischeri
the bat species with the longest known gestation period (Heidemann, 1989). Parturition
is followed by 10 weeks of lactation (Nowak, 1999).
While many hypotheses have attempted to explain this postimplantation deveolpmental
delay, it has been difficult to find concrete answers. In a different species, the
hypothesis that the delay coincides with food availability has been tested by providing
food in excess and elevating temperatures. Embryonic growth rate was not affected.
During this investigation, a temporarily lowered level of plasma thyroxine concentrations
was observed in the bats during part of the delay. Further testing using injections
of thyroxin daily for up to 40 days also failed to increase the rate of development
(Burns & Wallace, 1975). It has also been suggested that environmental cues may trigger
the end of the delay, but photoperiod is the most likely candidate, and since the
maximum daily change in photoperiod is only 40 seconds in the Philippine Islands,
it is unlikely that it is responsible (Heidemann, 1989).
- Key Reproductive Features
- year-round breeding
- gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
- sexual
- viviparous
- Parental Investment
- altricial
- female parental care
Lifespan/Longevity
Some individuals have been known to live over 10 years (Nowak, 1999).
Behavior
- Key Behaviors
- motile
Communication and Perception
Food Habits
As a frugivore, the pygmy fruit bat eats primarily fruits. It is known to feed on the fruit of Ficus, and most likely of plants of the genus Piper. In addition, it may depend on flowers during certain parts of the year (Heidemann, 1989).
- Plant Foods
- fruit
- flowers
Ecosystem Roles
The pygmy fruit bat, being a frugivore, functions as a seed disperser, and may also be a pollinator while feeding from flowers.
- Ecosystem Impact
- disperses seeds
- pollinates
Economic Importance for Humans: Positive
Since Haplonycteris fischeri lives exclusively in the forest, it has limited interaction with humans, and as it favors forest over agricultural fields, it has little or no negative economic effect on farmers (Nowak, 1999).
Conservation Status
Like many species confined to one type of habitat in islands, the Haplonycteris fischeri population is rapidly thinning. The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) states that deforestation is the reason for placing these bats on the vulnerable species (VU A1c) list. The IUCN defines VU A1c as having suffered a reduction of at least 20% over 10 years due to loss of habitat (Hilton-Taylor, 2000).
Additional Links
Contributors
Daniel Huereca (author), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Kate Teeter (editor), University of Michigan-Ann Arbor.
- oriental
-
found in the oriental region of the world. In other words, India and southeast Asia.
- native range
-
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- Pacific Ocean
-
body of water between the southern ocean (above 60 degrees south latitude), Australia, Asia, and the western hemisphere. This is the world's largest ocean, covering about 28% of the world's surface.
- native range
-
the area in which the animal is naturally found, the region in which it is endemic.
- island endemic
-
animals that live only on an island or set of islands.
- forest
-
forest biomes are dominated by trees, otherwise forest biomes can vary widely in amount of precipitation and seasonality.
- rainforest
-
rainforests, both temperate and tropical, are dominated by trees often forming a closed canopy with little light reaching the ground. Epiphytes and climbing plants are also abundant. Precipitation is typically not limiting, but may be somewhat seasonal.
- year-round breeding
-
breeding takes place throughout the year
- sexual
-
reproduction that includes combining the genetic contribution of two individuals, a male and a female
- viviparous
-
reproduction in which fertilization and development take place within the female body and the developing embryo derives nourishment from the female.
- altricial
-
young are born in a relatively underdeveloped state; they are unable to feed or care for themselves or locomote independently for a period of time after birth/hatching. In birds, naked and helpless after hatching.
- female parental care
-
parental care is carried out by females
- herbivore
-
An animal that eats mainly plants or parts of plants.
- frugivore
-
an animal that mainly eats fruit
- endothermic
-
animals that use metabolically generated heat to regulate body temperature independently of ambient temperature. Endothermy is a synapomorphy of the Mammalia, although it may have arisen in a (now extinct) synapsid ancestor; the fossil record does not distinguish these possibilities. Convergent in birds.
- bilateral symmetry
-
having body symmetry such that the animal can be divided in one plane into two mirror-image halves. Animals with bilateral symmetry have dorsal and ventral sides, as well as anterior and posterior ends. Synapomorphy of the Bilateria.
- motile
-
having the capacity to move from one place to another.
- tactile
-
uses touch to communicate
- chemical
-
uses smells or other chemicals to communicate
References
Burns, J. M. & Wallace, W. E., 1975. Hormonal control of delayed development in Macrotus waterhousii II. Radioimmunoassay of plamsa estrone and estradiol 17ß during pregnancy. Gen. Comp. Endocr. , 25: 529-533.
Heidemann, P. D., 1989. Delayed development in Fischer's pygmy fruit bat, Haplonycteris fischeri , in the Philippines. J. Reprod. Fert , 85: 363-382.
Hilton-Taylor, C, 2000. " Haplonycteris fischeri " (On-line). Accessed October 11, 2001 at http://www.redlist.org/search/details.php?species=9690 .
Nowak, R. M., 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, 6th Ed. . Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.