Animal Diversity Web

Ge­o­graphic Range

Mediter­ranean house geckos (Hemi­dacty­lus tur­ci­cus) are na­tive to the west­ern re­gion of the Mid­dle East, north­ern Africa, and the ma­jor­ity of the Mediter­ranean re­gion.

They also in­habit the east­ern coast of Mex­ico, Cuba, France, the Gulf of Mex­ico, and Puerto Rico, but they are non-na­tive to these areas. Mediter­ranean house geckos have also been spot­ted through­out sub­trop­i­cal and tem­per­ate re­gions of North Amer­ica. House geckos have been lo­cated in trop­i­cal re­gions such as South Amer­ica and tem­per­ate re­gions like Vir­ginia. They can also live in areas as far north as Alaska and as far west as Cal­i­for­nia. (Agasyan, et al., 2009; Locey and Stone, 2006; White and Husak, 2015)

• Biogeographic Regions
• nearctic
  • introduced
• neotropical
  • introduced

Habi­tat

Mediter­ranean house geckos in­habit sites around human areas in­clud­ing uni­ver­sity cam­puses, shrub­lands, ter­res­trial ter­rain, and coastal re­gions. They can also dwell in dimly-lit areas and ceme­ter­ies. Mediter­ranean house geckos in­habit other areas like moun­tain peaks, in­land cliffs and caves. They are more likely to be found in crevices of old, worn down build­ings. Ju­ve­niles tend to be found on side­walks near build­ings. Non-na­tive in­di­vid­u­als have been spot­ted in Texas in­hab­it­ing brick walls, dec­o­ra­tive veg­e­ta­tion, and grass. Geckos also live in stucco build­ings with light­ing around them. Their nests can be spot­ted in trash and under base boards of build­ings. In Louisiana, Locey and Stone (2006) con­ducted ex­per­i­ments with Mediter­ranean house geckos and ob­served that they can live at el­e­va­tions as high as 366 m. For this species, low­est, high­est, and av­er­age el­e­va­tion have not been re­ported. (Agasyan, et al., 2009; Davis, 1974; Locey and Stone, 2006; Me­shaka Jr., et al., 2006; Saenz, 1996; Sta­bler, et al., 2012)

• Habitat Regions
• temperate
• tropical
• terrestrial

• Terrestrial Biomes
• forest
• mountains

• Other Habitat Features
• urban
• suburban
• caves

Phys­i­cal De­scrip­tion

Mediter­ranean house geckos are com­monly light in color or white. How­ever, geckos can be other col­ors such as pink, light brown, or sandy yel­low. Smooth scales are on their ven­tral side and spots are on their dor­sal side. Other dis­tinct char­ac­ter­is­tics in­clude a dark mark­ing that ex­tends from the nos­tril to the eye to the upper ear. Geckos have large, ver­ti­cal pupils with no eye­lids. Gran­u­lar dor­sal scales (14 – 16 rows) are along their bod­ies and keeled dor­sal tu­ber­cles (6-8 rows) are along the tail. Typ­i­cal lengths of adult Mediter­ranean house geckos range from 10-13 cm with the tail in­cluded. Male snout – vent lengths range be­tween 4.4 cm and 5.8 cm, while fe­male snout – vent lengths range be­tween 4.4 cm and 6.0 cm. The max­i­mum length of a gecko can be up to 15 cm. Tails can be re­gen­er­ated after they have been bro­ken off. Ju­ve­nile tail re­gen­er­a­tion rates are faster than adults. In 30 days, ju­ve­nile tails re­gen­er­ated up to 85%. Adult males could re­gen­er­ate up to 60%, and fe­males up to 40% of their tails in 30 days. Pha­langes are in­di­vid­ual with 6-8 di­vi­sions of lamel­lae under first toe and be­tween 9 - 10 under the fourth toe. Claws are at the end of their toes.

Males and fe­males are mor­pho­log­i­cally vari­able by lo­ca­tion. Male geckos pos­sess head shapes more asym­met­ric than fe­male geckos. Ben­e­fits of this se­lec­tive fea­ture in­clude wider mouth open­ings for mat­ing pur­poses and stronger force of bite. The typ­i­cal range for male head lengths is be­tween 1.0 cm and 1.5 cm with the widths rang­ing from 0.8 cm to 1.2 cm. The depths range from 0.4 cm to 0.8 cm. Fe­male head lengths range from 0.8 cm to 1.4 cm with the widths rang­ing be­tween 0.7 cm and 1.2 cm and the depths rang­ing be­tween 0.4 cm and 0.8 cm. Ge­o­graphic lo­ca­tion also plays a fac­tor in how dif­fer­ent ori­en­ta­tions af­fect mor­phol­ogy. Male geckos from the west­ern part of the United States pos­sess heads with more depth (0.6-0.75 cm) than geckos found fur­ther east (0.55 – 0.7 cm). Fe­males that are west­ward have heads not as wide (0.75-0.9 cm) as east­ern fe­males (0.85 – 1.15 cm).

Ma­ture males also have vis­i­ble pre­anal pores and post-cloa­cal bones com­pared to fe­males. Post–cloa­cal bones are one to two bones that are pos­te­rior to their uri­nary and fecal tracts. Pre­anal pores are glands that re­lease chem­i­cals such as pheromones or ones used to mark ter­ri­tory. These pores in males could range be­tween 3 and 10. Vivid stripes de­velop on their tails as hatch­lings and ju­ve­niles. Snout–vent length of ju­ve­nile geckos can range from 3.0 cm to 4.4 cm. The length of hatch­lings can range from 0.94 cm – 1.19 cm, with their body width rang­ing from 0.8 cm - 0.98 cm, and mass from 0.34-0.56 g. (Granatosky and Krysko, 2014; John­son, et al., 2005; McCoy, 1970; Texas State Uni­ver­sity, 2014; Rose and Bar­bour, 1968; Saenz and Con­ner, 1996; Sel­cer, 1990)

• Other Physical Features
• ectothermic
• bilateral symmetry

• Sexual Dimorphism
• male larger
• sexes shaped differently

• Range length

  10 to 13 cm

  3.94 to 5.12 in

De­vel­op­ment

Through­out early de­vel­op­ment, Mediter­ranean house gecko eggs that vary in color de­pend­ing on stage of de­vel­op­ment. Col­ors of eggs can be white, pink, or blue. It's un­clear how the col­ors re­late to the de­vel­op­ment of eggs. Mediter­ranean house gecko egg length ranges be­tween 10.4 – 11.7 mm. Sel­cer (1990) re­ported the width of the eggs be­tween 8.5 – 9.9 mm and the mass of eggs be­tween 0.34 – 0.56 g. Rose (1968) recorded the snout–vent length of ju­ve­niles or hatch­lings as be­tween 25.0 – 27.7 mm. Sex of the ju­ve­niles is un­able to be de­ter­mined until pre­anal glands de­velop on the males. The in­cu­ba­tion pe­riod for house gecko eggs av­er­ages at about 40 days in tem­per­a­tures of around 31 de­grees Cel­sius. Fe­male ovar­ian fol­li­cles av­er­age at 2.5 mm. in di­am­e­ter. When ovu­la­tion takes place, fol­li­cles can range be­tween 8 – 8.5 mm. in di­am­e­ter. Vitel­lo­ge­n­e­sis, or de­vel­op­ment of yolky ovaries, be­gins in March and April. Male and fe­male growth rates vary per month in non-na­tive habi­tats such as Texas, Florida and Louisiana. Growth is in­de­ter­mi­nate.

In Texas, Sel­cer (1986) ob­served the av­er­age length of geckos to be 10.9 mm. In Florida, Punzo (2001) mea­sured the min­i­mum length at 0.8 mm and the max­i­mum up to 6.9 mm. In Louisiana, geckos demon­strated a neg­a­tive growth rate. Neg­a­tive growth rate con­tributes to the shrink­ing of geckos’ snout-vent length. This was mainly com­mon in males dur­ing breed­ing sea­son, al­lo­cat­ing en­ergy to find a mate. Paulis­sen (2014) mea­sured the min­i­mum growth rate per month at -6.4 mm and the max­i­mum growth rate per month at 14.1 mm. (Paulis­sen, et al., 2014; Punzo, 2001; Rose and Bar­bour, 1968; Sel­cer, 1990)

• Development - Life Cycle
• indeterminate growth

Re­pro­duc­tion

Male house geckos use click­ing vo­cal­iza­tions when ready to mate with fe­male house geckos. Male geckos pro­duce mul­ti­ple clicks that are to the pat­tern of the fe­male house gecko squeaks. Male clicks for mat­ing with fe­males are equiv­a­lent or longer than the pre­vi­ous click. Franken­berg (1982) demon­strated stud­ies where parts of male click­ing calls rang­ing be­tween 5 and 5.5 kilo­hertz every 10 mil­lisec­onds. Fe­males pro­duce short, loud squeaks in be­tween the clicks of the male. It is also com­mon for fe­male house geckos to pro­duce loud, melodic squeaks in be­tween male clicks to be re­leased from a male. Loud, short mat­ing squeaks pro­duced by fe­males av­er­aged at 5 kilo­hertz every 10 mil­lisec­onds. Loud, melodic squeaks pro­duced by fe­males av­er­aged at 5.5 kilo­hertz every 10 mil­lisec­onds House geckos are polyg­a­mous with a sex ratio of 1:1. Cop­u­la­tory bit­ing is a mech­a­nism that male geckos use to mate with fe­males. Male geckos with big­ger heads or larger bod­ies have bet­ter mat­ing suc­cess than smaller males. Big­ger males tend to have stronger bit­ing be­hav­iors lead­ing to suc­cess­ful fer­til­iza­tion. (Franken­berg, 1982; John­son, et al., 2005)

Fe­male Mediter­ranean house geckos have a breed­ing sea­son from April to Au­gust of every year. Fe­males begin to mate be­tween late April and early or mid-May. Egg clutches of house geckos are an av­er­age of two eggs. The max­i­mum num­ber of clutches laid at one time is four. Fe­males lay eggs from mid–May to Au­gust. Fe­males can take up to two months to lay their clutches of eggs. Eggs are laid with or with­out shells. Shelled eggs are dis­tinct due to their hard body wall. Eggs lose their shells when they are close to hatch­ing. As the in­ter­nal egg mem­brane dis­ap­pears, the shell be­comes moist and translu­cent. Fe­males con­tinue to pro­duce eggs through­out breed­ing sea­son. Birth mass of eggs ranges be­tween 0.34 to 0.56g.

Fe­male house gecko mat­u­ra­tion is achieved in the win­ter or spring sea­son of their first or sec­ond year. Age at fe­male sex­ual ma­tu­rity can range be­tween 4-5 months to a year. Fe­males can also de­velop longer snout–vent lengths in order to have greater vol­ume to carry eggs. Fe­males col­lect male sperm in a pos­te­rior fun­nel shaped organ called the in­fundibu­lum. Fe­males ex­pe­ri­ence de­layed fer­til­iza­tion. The longest that sperm can sur­vive in this organ is 5 months. Be­cause of this delay, their ges­ta­tion pe­riod is un­known. Growth rates at peak sex­ual ma­tu­rity for males and fe­males av­er­age at 10.9 mm per month. Male house geckos reach sex­ual ma­tu­rity within a year or less.

Age of sex­ual ma­tu­rity seems to vary greatly across their na­tive and non-na­tive ranges. In Turkey, it's re­ported as 2-3 years for both sexes. In the south­ern United States, it's 18 months for fe­males. (Eck­stut, et al., 2009; Kanat and Tok, 2015; Rose and Bar­bour, 1968)

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous
• seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual
• fertilization
• oviparous
• sperm-storing
• delayed fertilization

• Breeding interval

  Mediterranean house geckos breed once yearly

• Breeding season

  Spring - Summer

• Range number of offspring

  2 to 4

• Average number of offspring

  2

• Average gestation period

  40 days

• Average time to independence

  0 minutes

• Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)

  4- 5 months to 36 months

• Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (female)

  18 months

• Range age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)

  36 (high) months

• Average age at sexual or reproductive maturity (male)

  12 months

Very lit­tle is known about the parental in­vest­ment of Mediter­ranean house geckos. In­for­ma­tion on how ju­ve­niles’ ben­e­fit is un­known. Adults have been ob­served bit­ing the ju­ve­niles. It is pos­si­ble that this oc­curs due to ju­ve­niles’ in­vad­ing adult ter­ri­to­ries. House gecko nests were com­monly found in at­tics, sheds, garages, and in wall boards. Com­mu­nal nests where fe­males come and lay their eggs at a cer­tain lo­ca­tion were ob­served. A range of 2 – 20 eggs were found in this these types of nests. Egg shells from pre­vi­ous ju­ve­niles could be found be­neath the new eggs. Stud­ies on parental in­ter­ac­tion with ju­ve­nile house geckos are un­known. (Franken­berg, 1982; ; Sel­cer, 1990)

• Parental Investment
• no parental involvement

Lifes­pan/Longevity

Mediter­ranean house geckos can live for up to 8 years in cap­tiv­ity. In Turkey, Kanay and Tok (2015) ex­am­ined wild-caught mu­seum spec­i­mens, and found that adult fe­males were 4-9 years old and males were 4-8. No an­i­mals were dis­cov­ered older than 9. In Texas, Sel­cer (1986) found that an­nual turnover for adults (3 years or older) was 55%. Oddly, ju­ve­nile sur­vivor­ship was as high as the adults, un­less ju­ve­niles were below 30mm SVL. If smaller, sur­vivor­ship was lower. (Kanat and Tok, 2015; Sel­cer, 1986)

• Typical lifespan
  Status: wild

  4 to 9 hours

• Typical lifespan
  Status: captivity

  8 (high) years

Be­hav­ior

Mediter­ranean house geckos are noc­tur­nal. In Florida, Punzo (2001) re­ported that be­tween 2100-2359 h, these geckos were most ac­tive.

Many ag­nos­tic be­hav­iors are per­formed. Be­hav­iors such as avoid­ance, warn­ing, ag­gres­sion, and sen­sory have been ob­served. When avoid­ing other geckos or species, be­hav­iors such as re­treat and freez­ing occur. Warn­ing be­hav­iors in­clude “fac­ing off” with an­other species, tail wag­ging, squeak­ing, push - ups, and back arch­ing. Char­ac­ter­is­tics of ag­gres­sive be­hav­iors in­volved snap­ping of the jaws, chas­ing and fight­ing. Sen­sory be­hav­ior in­cludes nose tap­ping and tongue flick­ing.

Male geckos can pre­sent ag­gres­sive be­hav­ior when male in­trud­ers en­tered their ter­ri­tory. When house geckos ex­hibit warn­ing be­hav­ior, res­i­dents re­sponded with warn­ing be­hav­ior. Ju­ve­niles avoid in­ter­ac­tion with adult house geckos due to their ag­gres­sive be­hav­ior when in fa­vor­able con­di­tions. Male house geckos demon­strate the most ag­gres­sion to­wards ju­ve­niles. House geckos can also make di­verse noises and click­ing pat­terns when try­ing to mate. House geckos also flick their tongues at tres­passers. Males pro­duce clicks in order to main­tain dom­i­nance within a clan of geckos. Cop­u­la­tory bit­ing is also done by males in order to at­tract a mate. Mediter­ranean house geckos also use their sense of smell as well as pheromones to hunt and sense preda­tors. Vi­sion is used when hunt­ing for prey. Se­lec­tion of prey is de­pen­dent on if prey is alive. (Briggs, 2012; Punzo, 2001)

• Key Behaviors
• scansorial
• nocturnal
• motile
• solitary
• territorial
• dominance hierarchies

Home Range

Klaw­in­ski (1991) found the mean size of home range of Mediter­ranean geckos was slightly more than 4 m^2 and that there was no dif­fer­ence among adult males, adult fe­males, and ju­ve­niles. How­ever, the sam­pling in­ter­vals for the study were about 6 weeks within a cal­en­dar year. There is no in­for­ma­tion on how much adult male, adult fe­male, or ju­ve­nile geckos move on their home build­ing dur­ing an en­tire sea­son of ac­tiv­ity or from year to year. Ter­ri­to­ri­al­ity is se­lec­tive to the ju­ve­nile house geckos.

Klaw­in­ski also re­ported max­i­mum lin­ear move­ments of 18 me­ters – and that dis­tance was pretty rare. Those in­di­vid­u­als that did move this dis­tance would re­turn to their orig­i­nal area. Move­ment pat­terns are not dif­fer­ent be­tween adult male and fe­male house geckos. Ju­ve­niles are more likely to move longer dis­tances than adults. (Klaw­in­ski, 1992; ; Paulis­sen, et al., 2013)

Com­mu­ni­ca­tion and Per­cep­tion

Mediter­ranean house geckos have var­ied squeaky vo­cal­iza­tions dif­fer by age and sex. Ju­ve­niles can demon­strate calls that are loud, melodic, or have melodic in­flec­tion. Franken­berg (1982) ob­served that noisy squeaks are made when adults would move to­ward the ju­ve­nile. Har­monic in­flec­tions are pro­duced when adults make phys­i­cal con­tact with the ju­ve­nile. Ju­ve­niles only vo­cal­ize when threat­ened. Fe­male vo­cal­iza­tions are the same as ju­ve­niles ex­cept they vary in length. Short, noisy calls are a re­sponse ap­prov­ing male suit­ors. When at­tacked by an­other species, they make long, noisy calls. Melod­i­cally in­flected, long calls dur­ing the act of breed­ing means fe­males want to be re­leased from males. In­def­i­nite melodic squeaks are made when fe­males are threat­ened by an­other species. Males have the most di­verse of vo­cal­iza­tions. They pro­duce the same squeaks as fe­males and ju­ve­niles. How­ever, their most com­mon vo­cal­iza­tion is a se­ries of clicks. Dom­i­nant, ter­ri­to­r­ial males make this noise when males, fe­males, or a bunch geckos are around them. They are also used to at­tract mates. Males will click in time with fe­male squeaks. They can also re­peat the same short, noisy squeaks as fe­males. Long, noisy squeaks are gen­er­ated dur­ing de­fense or con­flict with an­other species. Loud, melodic in­flec­tion is made when threats are de­tected.

When en­coun­ter­ing other species like Indo-Pa­cific house geckos (Hemi­dacty­lus gar­notii), Mediter­ranean house geckos re­mained grouped in their com­mu­nity and avoided con­tact.

Senses such as smell, and chem­i­cal com­mu­ni­ca­tion are used to de­tect in­trud­ers and hunt­ing. Smell is used to let a gecko know of its en­vi­ron­ment. Geckos flick their tongues at in­trud­ers. Their tongues pick up chem­i­cals/pheromones that help them com­mu­ni­cate with other geckos. (Franken­berg, 1982; Franken­berg, 1984)

• Communication Channels
• visual
• tactile
• acoustic
• chemical

• Other Communication Modes
• pheromones

• Perception Channels
• visual
• tactile
• acoustic
• chemical

Food Habits

Mediter­ranean house geckos eat a va­ri­ety of species. They pri­mar­ily eat in­sects, pill­bugs, and small crus­taceans. Spi­ders and non–fly­ing arthro­pods are also com­monly eaten. Mediter­ranean house geckos are also vi­sual eaters. They are se­lec­tive about what food they will eat de­pend­ing on if their prey is alive or dead. Rose and Bar­bour (1968) ob­served how live meal­worms were more com­monly se­lected over the re­ported spring diets con­sist­ing of 57% cater­pil­lars (N=21 in­di­vid­u­als). In sum­mer, 25% of the diet con­sisted of ear­wigs, mos­qui­toes, leafhop­pers, and ants (N=38).

Gecko size dif­fer­ences fac­tor how much house geckos will eat. Ju­ve­niles con­sumed prey such as leafhop­pers and true flies that are usu­ally smaller, while adult geckos con­sume larger prey, such as grasshop­pers, cater­pil­lars, and pill­bugs. Mi­cro­hab­i­tats can also shape their diets. Geckos that in­habit build­ings al­most ex­clu­sively eat grasshop­pers.

Males and fe­males also ex­hibit se­lec­tiv­ity over the kinds of arthro­pods that are con­sumed. Males are more com­monly choose fly­ing prey. (Rose and Bar­bour, 1968; Saenz, 1996)

• Primary Diet
• carnivore
  • insectivore
  • eats non-insect arthropods

• Animal Foods
• insects
• terrestrial non-insect arthropods

Pre­da­tion

Preda­tors of the Mediter­ranean house gecko in­clude spi­ders, whip scor­pi­ons, cats (Felis catus), bats, and Cuban tree frogs (Os­teophilus septen­tri­on­alis). Pre­da­tion pres­sures are low for house geckos due to con­stant ac­tiv­ity around street lights and dis­tance from shel­ter. Low pre­da­tion causes house geckos to main­tain a low mor­tal­ity rate. Male and fe­male house geckos re­lease loud and noisy squeaks when at­tacked and melod­i­cally in­flected squeaks when threat­ened. Male house geckos’ de­fense squeaks av­er­age at 5 kilo­hertz. Fe­male de­fense squeaks av­er­age at 4.5 kilo­hertz.

Ju­ve­nile and hatch­lings use bright tails with bands on them as a mech­a­nism to dis­tract preda­tors. Wag­ging of tails are used to dis­tract po­ten­tial preda­tors from eat­ing the geckos. Preda­tors at­tack tails and ju­ve­niles can es­cape, tails will re­gen­er­ate over time (Franken­berg, 1982; Punzo, 2001; Williams and Lance, 2007)

• Known Predators

  • Cats (Felis catus)
  • Cuban tree frogs (Osteophilus septentrionalis)
  • Bats
  • Whip scorpions
  • Large spiders

Ecosys­tem Roles

Mediter­ranean house geckos can be­come in­fected with a pen­tas­tomic crus­taceans, Rail­li­etiella fre­na­tus and Rail­li­etella teague­selfi. In Texas, a sam­ple of 136 geckos re­vealed par­a­sites in 52 in­di­vid­u­als. These par­a­sites in­cluded one species of liver fluke Meso­coelium meg­gitti and three tape­worms Mesoces­toides, Oo­cho­ris­tica ameivae and Oo­cho­ris­tica scelo­pori. Round­worm par­a­sites in­cluded Cos­mo­cer­coides vari­abilis, Os­wal­docruzia pip­i­ens, Para­pharyn­godon cuben­sis, and Physa­loptera larva.

House geckos don't ex­pe­ri­ence sig­nif­i­cant pre­da­tion, but can be preyed upon by bats, cats, and large frogs. They eat a va­ri­ety of in­sects. (McAl­lis­ter and Bursey, 2016; Pence and Sel­cer, 1988; Riley, et al., 1988)

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Pos­i­tive

Mediter­ranean house geckos are oc­ca­sion­ally col­lected and kept as pets. (Agasyan, et al., 2009)

• Positive Impacts
• pet trade

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Neg­a­tive

Mediter­ranean house geckos are con­sid­ered an in­va­sive species in the U.S and else­where. They are known to trans­mit sal­mo­nella to hu­mans. (We­ter­ings and Vet­ter, 2018)

• Negative Impacts
• injures humans
  • carries human disease

Con­ser­va­tion Sta­tus

Mediter­ranean house geckos are a species of "Least Con­cern" on the IUCN Red List. They have no spe­cial sta­tus on the U.S. Fed­eral List, CITES, and in the State of Michi­gan.

Within its na­tive Eu­ro­pean range, these geckos are "a pro­tected fau­nal species" under Ap­pen­dix III of the Bern Con­ven­tion. Prtoc­tions are lim­ited to them in­hab­it­ing al­ready-pro­tected places.

These species have been in­va­sive in many areas out­side their na­tive Mediter­ranean range. They are be­lieve to be the most com­mon in­va­sive gecko in Florida, and have a high tol­er­ance of both ex­treme heat and cold. Their range across Eu­rope and non-na­tive North Amer­i­can is sus­pected to ex­pand in light of cli­mate change. We­ter­ings and Vet­ter (2018) pre­dicted that Mediter­ranean house geckos are the most like species to in­vade habi­tats that no other mem­ber of this in­va­sive genus has yet in­vaded.

Clearly, there are no con­ser­va­tion mea­sures in place. In­deed, there are ef­forts to keep these geckos out of new ter­ri­to­ries (e.g., in Aus­tralia). The genus, as a whole, is sus­pected to out­com­pete na­tive rep­tiles, as these geckos are tol­er­ant of human habi­ta­tion and re­spond fa­vor­ably to ar­ti­fi­cial light. De­spite these wor­ries, there are no ac­tive, large-scale ef­forts to re­move geckos from their in­vaded ranges. (Agasyan, et al., 2009; We­ter­ings and Vet­ter, 2018)

• IUCN Red List

  Least Concern

• US Federal List

  No special status

• CITES

  No special status

• State of Michigan List

  No special status

Con­trib­u­tors

Jayla Smith (au­thor), Rad­ford Uni­ver­sity, Lau­ren Bur­roughs (ed­i­tor), Rad­ford Uni­ver­sity, Layne DiBuono (ed­i­tor), Rad­ford Uni­ver­sity, Lind­sey Lee (ed­i­tor), Rad­ford Uni­ver­sity, Karen Pow­ers (ed­i­tor), Rad­ford Uni­ver­sity, Galen Bur­rell (ed­i­tor), Spe­cial Pro­jects.

Ref­er­ences

Agasyan, A., A. Avci, B. Tu­niyev, J. Crnobrnja Isailovic, P. Lym­ber­akis, and 17 oth­ers. 2009. "Hemi­dacty­lus tur­ci­cus" (On-line). The IUCN Red List of Threat­ened Species 2009: e.T157261A5063993. Ac­cessed Jan­u­ary 29, 2019 at http://​dx.​doi.​org/​10.​2305/​IUCN.​UK.​2009.​RLTS.​T157261A5063993.​en.

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