Gracilinanus emiliae

Geographic Range

Emilia’s opossums ( Gracilinanus emilia ) are found near the Amazon River in South America and have been reported in the following locations: Columbia, Peru, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana and northeastern Brazil.

• Biogeographic Regions
• neotropical neotropical
  • native native

Habitat

Depending on an individual’s location within their range, Emilia’s opossums may be found within different habitat types. Populations within Venezuela, Peru and Brazil are typically found in coastal, lowland or Atlantic rainforests. Populations in Argentina and Paraguay are found in savannahs, primary or secondary gallery forests and some lowland rainforests. This species can also be found in the montane forests of the Andes Mountains. Emilia’s opossums are arboreal, but also likely forage on the ground.

• Habitat Regions
• tropical tropical

• Terrestrial Biomes
• savanna or grassland savanna or grassland
• forest forest
• rainforest rainforest
• mountains mountains

Physical Description

Emilia’s opossums are rarely seen, in fact; their species description is based on fewer than a dozen confirmed specimens. They are small, pouchless marsupials with bright, reddish-brown dorsal pelage, white ventral pelage and an extremely short and narrow rostrum. These animals are adapted for an arboreal lifestyle, as shown by their extremely long, unicolor tail. They have a total body length of 217 mm, including a tail length of about 142 mm; in general, their tail-to-body ratio is 1.64 to 1.96. This extremely long tail is what distinguishes this species from other members of their genus. Their hind feet are about 13 mm long. This species weighs 10 to 14 grams on average. Other members of genus Gracilinanus are sexually dimorphic, where males are larger than females; however, it is not known whether this applies to Emilia’s opossums. Members of the genus Gracilinanus may grow lifelong, these species are short-lived; however, the rare individuals that survive multiple years tend to be noticeably larger. In general, the temperature and metabolic rate of didelphids tends to be lower than similarly sized placental mammals.

• Other Physical Features
• endothermic endothermic
• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry

Reproduction

Didelphids engage in a polygynous mating system. There is very little information specific to Emilia’s opossums; however, the extreme competition among males for breeding females may cause a massive amount of stress. Other members of genus Gracilinanus are considered partially semelparous because many of the males die shortly after breeding. This trend is considered only partial because a few males do survive to a second or even third breeding season.

• Mating System
• polygynous polygynous

There is very little information specifically regarding the reproductive behavior of Emilia’s opossums. Much more research has been conducted on their close relative, Brazilian gracile opossums . It is not known whether these species share all reproductive traits, however, given their similar behavior and somewhat similar range, it is not unlikely that these species share at least some reproductive traits. Brazilian gracile opossums begin mating when they are about 1 year old. This species reproduces seasonally; females are receptive during the end of the cool dry season, from August to September. Several pregnant and lactating females have been captured in September to December. Their strategy of synchronous estrous means that their young are born in October to December, during the first half of the warm wet season when insect prey are most populous. This likely optimizes the female’s ability to capture food while caring for young. Litters are composed of 6 to 14 individuals, with an average of 11 offspring. Weaning begins at about 2 to 3 months of age, when the young weigh about 8 to 10 grams.

• Key Reproductive Features
• semelparous semelparous
• iteroparous iteroparous
• seasonal breeding seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual sexual
• viviparous viviparous

Genus Gracilinanus is composed of pouchless marsupials. Both attached and unattached young usually stay near their mother; however, older offspring may stay behind in the nest while their mother forages. Brazilian gracile opossum , a close relative of Emilia’s opossums, wean their offspring when they are about 2 to 3 months old, during the warm wet season.

• Parental Investment
• female parental care female parental care
• pre-weaning/fledging
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-independence
  • provisioning
    • female

Lifespan/Longevity

There is currently no information regarding the lifespan of Emilia’s opossums specifically, however, other members of genus Gracilinanus typically live 1 to 2 years. Likewise, other members of this genus are considered partially semelparous; most males do not survive to a second breeding season. Among Brazilian gracile opossums , a close relative of Emilia’s opossums, males invest so much in competing for mates that they often show fur loss, poor body condition and are more likely to become infested with parasites after the beginning of the breeding season. Although females also have a short lifespan, they survive to a second year more frequently than males. In general, the offspring from the preceding season replace the adults each year.

Behavior

Members of genus Gracilinanus are solitary and nocturnal; they typically only come together for breeding, these animals may forage in a similar location, but do not interact. Emilia’s opossums are arboreal, but may forage on the ground. Other members of their genus are known to enter torpor when the temperature is colder than 20°C.

• Key Behaviors
• arboreal arboreal
• nocturnal nocturnal
• motile motile
• solitary solitary

Home Range

There is currently no information regarding the home range size of Emilia’s opossums. However, their close relative, Brazilian gracile opossums have home range sizes of approximately 1,400 meters squared for males and 1,200 meters squared for females.

Communication and Perception

There is very little information regarding the communication or perception of genus Gracilinanus . Members of this genus may produce a variety of sounds defensively or when they are startled, these sounds include hissing, growling and screeching. It has been suggested that arboreal marsupials are more vocal and have more adept vision than their non-arboreal counterparts; however, no conclusive studies have been conducted.

• Communication Channels
• visual visual
• acoustic acoustic

• Perception Channels
• visual visual
• tactile tactile
• acoustic acoustic
• chemical chemical

Food Habits

Very little is known about the feeding habits of Emilia’s opossums. Other members of genus Gracilinanus are primarily insectivorous, consuming primarily beetles , ants and wasps . In addition, other members of the genus also eat fruits, especially during the dry season and are important seed dispersers. Although these species are arboreal, most forage on the ground.

• Primary Diet
• carnivore carnivore
  • insectivore insectivore

• Animal Foods
• insects

• Plant Foods
• fruit

Predation

There is currently no information regarding the predation of Emilia’s opossums specifically, however, general predators of genus Gracilinanus may include various owls , snakes and lizards . Similar species are predated upon by white-tailed hawks , crab-eating foxes , oncillas , maned wolves , margays and jaguarundis . Likewise, the remains of unidentified members of genus Gracilinanus have also been recorded in the scat of ocelots , coatis and striped owls .

Ecosystem Roles

Emilia’s opossums are likely insectivores and seed dispersers. There is currently no specific information regarding parasitism of the species, however, other members of genus Gracilinanus are known to be hosts of a variety of nematodes , lice and botfly larvae.

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

There are currently no known positive impacts of Emilia’s opossums on human populations.

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

There are currently no known negative impacts of Emilia’s opossums on human populations.

Conservation Status

Due to the sparse data on this species, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is not able to evaluate Emilia’s opossums, listing them as simply, ‘data deficient’.

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

Contributors

Leila Siciliano Martina (author), Texas State University.

References

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