Animal Diversity Web

Ge­o­graphic Range

Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats (Tadarida teni­o­tis) are a palearc­tic species na­tive to south­ern and Mediter­ranean Eu­rope, north­ern Africa, and Myan­mar.

In south­east­ern Eu­rope, a colony of Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats were found on Rila Moun­tain in the east­ern Rhodopes Moun­tains. In India, sev­eral colonies have been found in Bihar, west Ben­gal, and Ker­ala. There are also colonies in the Dehradun and Tehri-Gar­whal dis­tricts of Ut­tarak­hand, India. Colonies of Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats have been re­ported in three of the Do­de­canese is­lands off of Greece. These is­lands in­clude Rhodes, Karpathos, and Kos. There are cur­rently seven re­ported colonies in Bul­garia. Colonies of Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats have been re­ported in cen­tral Asia, Japan, and Tai­wan. There have also been colonies re­ported in the Madeira and Ca­nary is­lands. (Benda and Uhrin, 2017; Chakravarty, 2017; Nowak, 1999; Pan­dourski, 2014)

• Biogeographic Regions
• palearctic
  • native

Habi­tat

Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats in­habit ex­tremely trop­i­cal areas, as well as some tem­per­ate zones. They in­habit warmer re­gions of the Do­de­canese is­lands off of Greece, as well as more tem­per­ate areas high in the Alps. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats in­habit areas with an el­e­va­tion of 400 to 500 m. These bats avoid colder cli­mates be­cause they lack the phys­i­ol­ogy to sur­vive sea­sonal food short­ages. To ob­tain a min­i­mal rate of me­tab­o­lism in tor­por, Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats in­habit areas rang­ing from 7.5 to 10°C. In win­ter, Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats se­lect roosts that os­cil­late around 10°C.

Hintze et al. (2016) found that Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats ben­e­fit from dam con­struc­tion, un­like many other species. Dams act as drink­ing and for­ag­ing areas and in­crease over­all ac­tiv­ity of Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats in the area. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats for­age above lakes and in scrub­lands, wood­lands, and urban areas. (Ar­let­taz, et al., 2000; Benda and Uhrin, 2017; Chakravarty, 2017; Dal­houmi, et al., 2016; Dal­houmi, et al., 2014; Hintze, et al., 2016; Mata, et al., 2016; Nowak, 1999; Pan­dourski, 2014; Tiago, et al., 2004)

• Habitat Regions
• temperate
• tropical

• Terrestrial Biomes
• forest
• scrub forest
• mountains

• Aquatic Biomes
• lakes and ponds

• Other Habitat Features
• urban

• Range elevation

  3100 to 0 m

  10170.60 to 0.00 ft

Phys­i­cal De­scrip­tion

Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats have long, broad ears that point to­wards their face. Their ears are rounded at the top and touch at the base in the front. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats have black and grey pelage, but some in­di­vid­u­als have a brown tint to them. Their fur is short and silky and has been com­pared to mole pelage. At least one third of their tails ex­tend be­yond their uropatag­ium, the mem­brane be­tween their legs. The ends of their tails have stiff hairs that are used as tac­tile or­gans. Their tails are be­tween 40 to 52 mm in length. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats have a long muz­zle and five creases in their upper lips. Their wings are long and nar­row. On av­er­age, Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats have a wingspan of 450 mm. They range from 122 to 139 mm in body length. Right fore­arm lengths (RFAs) for Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats av­er­age 54 to 64 mm. They have a nar­row uropatag­ium with short, vel­vety pelage. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats weigh, on av­er­age, 20 to 30 g. There are no ob­vi­ous dif­fer­ences be­tween males and fe­males, but fe­males do eat more and are more ag­gres­sive while hunt­ing. This is at­trib­uted to fe­males need­ing more en­ergy dur­ing the ma­ter­nity sea­son. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats have a basal meta­bolic rate of 200.4 cm^3 oxy­gen/hour. (Dietz and Hel­versen, 2004; Dietz and Keifer, 2016; Firouz, 2005; Hoath, 2003; Marom, et al., 2006; Mata, et al., 2016; Verts and Car­raway, 1998)

• Other Physical Features
• endothermic
• bilateral symmetry

• Sexual Dimorphism
• sexes alike

• Range mass

  20 to 30 g

  0.70 to 1.06 oz

• Range length

  122 to 139 mm

  4.80 to 5.47 in

• Average wingspan

  450 mm

  17.72 in

• Average basal metabolic rate

  200.4 cm3.O2/g/hr

Re­pro­duc­tion

When Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats mate, fe­males will form groups of up to nine fe­males. These harems are then ac­tively pro­tected by a sin­gle male, ac­cord­ing to An­cil­lotto and Russo (2014). Dur­ing the mat­ing process, males are more ag­gres­sive than fe­males. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats will bite, punch, chase, and call ag­gres­sively to en­tice mates. Other tac­tics used to en­tice mates in­clude smelling one an­other, touch­ing, and oc­ca­sion­ally jump­ing on the legs of an­other bat briefly. Once a male has found a fe­male, he will mount by push­ing the fe­male to the ground and hold­ing her still while mat­ing. While there are no records of promis­cu­ity for Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats, other mem­bers of the genus, such as Brazil­ian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasilien­sis), are known to be promis­cu­ous, mat­ing mul­ti­ple times with mul­ti­ple bats. (An­cil­lotto and Russo, 2014; Kee­ley and Kee­ley, 2004)

• Mating System
• polygynandrous (promiscuous)

The breed­ing sea­son for Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats lasts from May to Oc­to­ber. Mat­ing oc­curs in spring, and birth oc­curs in fall. They only give birth to one pup per preg­nancy. There are no known records for the ges­ta­tion pe­riod of Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats, but an­other mem­ber of the fam­ily, Brazil­ian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasilien­sis), have a ges­ta­tion pe­riod of 77 to 100 days.

Newly-born brazil­ian free-tailed bats are about two-thirds the body length of adults and, on av­er­age, weigh about 12 g at birth. Young are weaned at 6 weeks. Fe­males reach sex­ual ma­tu­rity at a year old, and males reach sex­ual ma­tu­rity at two years of age. In Mex­i­can free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasilien­sis mex­i­cana), young are in­de­pen­dent at around 7 weeks of age. They breed only once, due to fer­til­iza­tion hap­pen­ing im­me­di­ately after in­sem­i­na­tion. Mem­bers of the genus Tadarida do not store sperm.

Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are iteroparous, mean­ing they breed mul­ti­ple times in their lives. They are also vi­vip­a­rous, mean­ing they give birth to live young. (Amorim, et al., 2015; Arm­strong, 2008; Bar­clay, 1994; Krutzsch, et al., 2002; Marom, et al., 2006; Pa­padimi­tiou, et al., 2009)

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous
• seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual
• viviparous

• Breeding interval

  European free-tailed bats breed once a year

• Breeding season

  May to October

• Range number of offspring

  1 (high)

Fe­male Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats usu­ally con­tinue to care for their young after wean­ing, and ju­ve­niles stay in the same roost for some time be­fore leav­ing on their own. There is lit­tle in­for­ma­tion on record for Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats, but Brazil­ian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasilien­sis) are very sim­i­lar. Fe­male Brazil­ian free-tailed bats form nurs­ery colonies in which to leave their pups while they for­age. Fe­males in the colonies are the pri­mary care­givers, but males will take on a more ac­tive role such as cre­at­ing roost spots and de­fend­ing the roost, fe­male, and young. Fe­males and their pups will also com­mu­ni­cate with each other acousti­cally, con­tin­u­ing from birth and fol­low­ing par­tu­ri­tion. (An­cil­lotto and Russo, 2014; Kunz and Hood, 2000)

• Parental Investment
• altricial
• female parental care
• pre-fertilization
  • provisioning
• pre-hatching/birth
  • provisioning
    • female
• pre-weaning/fledging
  • provisioning
    • female

Lifes­pan/Longevity

The longest known lifes­pan of Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats in the wild is 13 years, based on a sin­gle male that was tracked while alive. He was at least 13 the last time he was cap­tured. This is also the longest recorded lifes­pan for any species of the fam­ily Tadarida. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are not kept in cap­tiv­ity. (Ibanez and Jorda-Perez, 2006)

• Range lifespan
  Status: wild

  13 (high) years

Be­hav­ior

Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats live in colonies, but do not in­ter­act with other species very often. They com­mu­ni­cate using echolo­ca­tion calls. There use many unique fre­quen­cies that sig­nal preda­tors, de­tect veg­e­ta­tion when fly­ing, or are used when near other Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats. Around 47 unique calls have been recorded. They also use touch and sight to sense the world around them. They are non-mi­gra­tory by na­ture, and are mostly seden­tary. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are noc­tur­nal and can fly. They in­vest a great deal of en­ergy in rear­ing young, and even con­tinue to care for ju­ve­niles after they are ready to leave the roost. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats live in large colonies, and are in­sec­tiv­o­rous. (Ibanez and Jorda-Perez, 2006; An­cil­lotto and Russo, 2014; Bayef­sky-Anand, et al., 2008; Ibanez and Jorda-Perez, 2006; Ry­dell and Ar­let­taz, 1994; Ry­dell, et al., 1995; Tiago, et al., 2004)

• Key Behaviors
• flies
• nocturnal
• motile
• sedentary
• social
• colonial

Home Range

A home range for Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats has not been re­ported, but they are sim­i­lar to Brazil­ian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasilien­sis) in many other ways. Brazil­ian free-tailed bats have an av­er­age home range of 0.75 km^2. They de­fend their roost­ing spots in­stead of try­ing to de­fend this very large home range. Exact ter­ri­tory sizes are un­known for both Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats and Brazil­ian free-tailed bats. (En­gesser, et al., 2017)

Com­mu­ni­ca­tion and Per­cep­tion

Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats com­mu­ni­cate using low fre­quency (11 to 12 kHz) echolo­ca­tion calls. There have been 47 unique call fre­quen­cies recorded both in the wild and in en­clo­sures. The echolo­ca­tion calls of these bats change from re­gion to re­gion, as well as year to year. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bat echolo­ca­tion calls con­tained buzzes when they were around food sources, or other Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats. This buzzing was not con­sis­tent enough to dif­fer­en­ti­ate be­tween so­cial and food buzzes based on sound alone. By using longer echolo­ca­tion calls, Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are able to de­tect and avoid veg­e­ta­tion while fly­ing. Their ad­vanced hear­ing also helps them lo­cate and stay away from preda­tors, or de­tect prey. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats also use sight to track food and find places to roost. They also use tac­tile senses in order to make sure they have enough head­space when roost­ing, as well as to sense the en­vi­ron­ment around them. (Bayef­sky-Anand, et al., 2008; Ry­dell and Ar­let­taz, 1994; Ry­dell, et al., 1995)

• Communication Channels
• visual
• tactile
• acoustic

• Perception Channels
• visual
• tactile
• acoustic
• echolocation
• chemical

Food Habits

Using low fre­quency echolo­ca­tion, Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats feed on large, tym­pa­nate in­sects. Two in­sect or­ders, Lep­i­doptera (moths and but­ter­flies) and Neu­roptera (green lacewings and antlion), com­prise 90% of the diets of Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats in more tem­per­ate is­land cli­mates.

Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats show sex-re­lated vari­a­tion in eat­ing habits. On av­er­age, fe­male Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats con­sumed larger moths than males. Ry­dell and Ar­let­taz (1994) at­tribute this to fe­male Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats need­ing more en­ergy while they are preg­nant or lac­tat­ing. Whit­taker et al. (1994) found dif­fer­ent diet com­po­si­tions in Is­rael. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bat diets in these areas were dom­i­nated by bee­tles (Coleoptera) and moths. Al­though Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are con­sid­ered an aer­ial-hawk­ing bat, their echolo­ca­tion sets them apart from most aer­ial-hawk­ing bats; most other aer­ial-hawk­ing bats do not eat tym­pa­nate in­sects. (Mata, et al., 2016; Mata, et al., 2018; Ry­dell and Ar­let­taz, 1994; Whit­taker, et al., 1994)

• Primary Diet
• carnivore
  • insectivore

• Animal Foods
• insects

Pre­da­tion

Do­mes­tic cats (Felis catus) are a preda­tor to many species of bats in penin­su­lar Italy; this in­cludes Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats. An­cil­lotto et al. (2013) stud­ied these bats in penin­su­lar Italy be­tween 2009 and 2011. They found that that 2 in every 14 adult Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are caught by cats. In Is­rael, Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are preyed upon by Lan­ner fal­cons (Falco biarmi­cus). Yosef (1991) found that Lan­ner fal­cons are suc­cess­ful in catch­ing Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats 29% of the time. (An­cil­lotto, et al., 2013; Yosef, 1991)

• Known Predators

  • Domestic cats (Felis catus)
  • Lanner falcons (Falco biarmicus)

Ecosys­tem Roles

Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are known to be hosts to a rare species of flea known as Araeop­sylla ge­stroi. This species of flea is al­most ex­clu­sive to the Tadarida genus. These fleas feed on Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats, and can cause skin ir­ri­ta­tion. (Lewis, 1976; Medvedev and Boris, 2013; Serra-Cobo, et al., 2002; Szen­ti­vanyi, et al., 2016)

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Pos­i­tive

Be­cause Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats eat many lep­i­dopteran species, such as moths that feed on eco­nom­i­cally im­por­tant crops, they have the po­ten­tial to con­trol pest species. How­ever, no re­ports have shown di­rect ev­i­dence of pest con­trol. (Ric­cucci and Lanza, 2014)

Eco­nomic Im­por­tance for Hu­mans: Neg­a­tive

Schatz et al. (2013) re­port that an­ti­bod­ies for lyssaviruses have been found in Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats in Spain; this is the genus of viruses that in­cludes ra­bies. How­ever, al­though these bats may carry ra­bies, there are no known re­ports in all of Eu­rope of a rabid Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bat in­fect­ing a human. (Schatz, et al., 2013)

• Negative Impacts
• injures humans
  • carries human disease

Con­ser­va­tion Sta­tus

Ac­cord­ing to the IUCN Red List, Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are a species of "Least Con­cern." Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are not listed on the US Fed­eral List, the CITES list, or the State of Michi­gan List.

Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are most threat­ened by de­for­esta­tion, habi­tat loss caused by ur­ban­iza­tion, and the use of pes­ti­cides. There is some ev­i­dence to sup­port them being neg­a­tively af­fected by de­for­esta­tion. Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are also, po­ten­tially, af­fected by wind farms. These are not con­sid­ered major threats to the species at this time.

Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bats are pro­tected by na­tional leg­is­la­tion in many in­di­vid­ual places, such as the states of India, and they are in­ter­na­tion­ally pro­tected through the Bonn Con­ven­tion and the Bern Con­ven­tion. The Bonn Con­ven­tion, in Ap­pen­dix II, states that any state in the range of a mi­gra­tory species has to take ac­tion to con­serve roost­ing areas. The Bern Con­ven­tion states the in­tent to con­serve plant life and the nat­ural habi­tats of wildlife. (Benda and Pirac­cini, 2016)

• IUCN Red List

  Least Concern

• US Federal List

  No special status

• CITES

  No special status

• State of Michigan List

  No special status

Con­trib­u­tors

Stephanie Crouch (au­thor), Rad­ford Uni­ver­sity, Lau­ren Bur­roughs (ed­i­tor), Rad­ford Uni­ver­sity, Layne DiBuono (ed­i­tor), Rad­ford Uni­ver­sity, Lind­sey Lee (ed­i­tor), Rad­ford Uni­ver­sity, Karen Pow­ers (ed­i­tor), Rad­ford Uni­ver­sity.

Ref­er­ences

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Mata, V., H. Re­belo, F. Amorim, G. Mc­Cracken, S. Jar­man, P. Beja. 2018. How much is enough? Ef­fects of tech­ni­cal and bi­o­log­i­cal repli­ca­tion on metabar­cod­ing di­etary analy­sis. Mol­e­c­u­lar Ecol­ogy, 28/2: 165-175.

Mata, V., F. Amorim, M. Cor­ley, G. Mc­Cracken, H. Re­belo, P. Beja. 2016. Fe­male di­etary bias to­wards large mi­gra­tory moths in the Eu­ro­pean free-tailed bat (Tadarida teni­o­tis). Bi­ol­ogy Let­ters, 12/3: 1-5.

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Pa­padimi­tiou, H., S. Swartz, T. Kunz. 2009. On­to­ge­netic and anatomic vari­a­tion in min­er­al­iza­tion of the wing skele­ton of the Mex­i­can free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasilien­sis mex­i­cana. Jour­nal of Zo­ol­ogy, 240/3: 411-426.

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