Peromyscus boylii

Geographic Range

Peromyscus boylii is found in mountainous regions from northern California and western Nevada, eastward to western Texas and Oklahoma, and southward to central Mexico (Hall 1981, Bradley and Schmidly 1999).

• Biogeographic Regions
• nearctic nearctic
  • native native

Habitat

Peromyscus boylii generally occurs at elevations over 2,000 m where it inhabits chaparral, pinyon - juniper woodlands, and pine - oak forests (Baker 1968, Findley et al. 1975, Hoffmeister 1986). On a more local scale within these vegetation communities, P. boylii is most commonly associated with rocky and dense shrub covered areas (Wilson 1968, Holbrook 1978, Boyett 2001). Shrub cover, rock cover, and logs are important habitat components that provide nesting sites and refuge from weather and predators (Bradley and Schmidly 1999).

• Habitat Regions
• temperate temperate
• terrestrial terrestrial

• Terrestrial Biomes
• chaparral chaparral
• forest forest
• scrub forest scrub forest
• mountains mountains

Physical Description

Peromyscus boylii is a medium-sized Peromyscus . No significant sexual dimorphism is evident. The tail is usually longer than the head and body, bicolored (dark gray above and white below), well haired, and tufted at the end. The hind foot is small and similar in length to the ear but sometimes longer. Skull is medium-sized and auditory bullae are not greatly inflated. Upperparts of pelage are medium brown; sides lighter brown with a broad orange lateral line extending from cheek to hindquarters; underparts whitish; ankles dusky gray; and feet whitish below ankle (Hoffmeister 1986, Schmidly et al. 1988, Bradley and Schmidly 1999). The mean and ranges (mm) of the following four external characters are taken from Schmidly et al. (1988): total length, 194.3 (175-210); length of tail, 103.6 (89-115); length of hind foot, 20.1 (19-22); and length of ear, 19.0 (18-21).

Peromyscus boylii may be confused with P. attwateri , P. crinitus , P. difficilis , P. leucopus , P. maniculatus , P. pectoralis , and P. truei . These species are similar in general appearance and have distributions that overlap with P. boylii . However, a few external characters may help distinguish P. boylii from these species (Hoffmeister 1986, Bradley and Schmidly 1999). Peromyscus boylii differs from P. attwateri in having a larger hind foot. A longer tail in relation to head and body length and larger overall size differentiates P. boylii from P. crinitus , P. leucopus , and P. maniculatus . Peromyscus boylii differs from P. difficilis and P. truei in having shorter ears and smaller hind feet. Darker ankles rather than white differentiates P. boylii from P. pectoralis . Several closely related species found in Mexico ( P. aztecus , P. beatae , P. levipes , P. simulus , and P. spicilegus ) are exceedingly difficult to distinguish from one another (Bradley and Schmidly 1999). They were all previously considered part of P. boylii , but are now considered separate species based on molecular differences.

• Other Physical Features
• endothermic endothermic
• heterothermic heterothermic
• homoiothermic
• bilateral symmetry bilateral symmetry

• Sexual Dimorphism
• sexes alike

Reproduction

The social behavior of P. boylii has not been well studied when compared to other species of Peromyscus (Wolff 1989). Consequently, little information on the mating system in P. boylii is available. However, Ribble and Stanley (1998) found that the spatial distributions of male and female P. boylii in their New Mexico study populations were indicative of a promiscuous mating system. Paternity of litters, however, was not investigated. Additional studies, throughout the range of P. boylii , are needed to characterize further the type of mating system or systems operating in this species.

• Mating System
• polygynandrous (promiscuous) polygynandrous (promiscuous)

Breeding in P. boylii occurs throughout most of the year, although the majority of young are born in spring and early summer (Bradley and Schmidly 1999). Breeding may cease during winter months in the northern part of its range. In northern California, Jameson (1953) found that breeding did not begin until April and ended in October. In Arizona, Hoffmeister (1986) thought that young were probably born in every month. Following a gestation period of about 23 days, two to five young (average of three) are born; growth and development are rapid, and the young are weaned at three to four weeks of age; several litters are produced per year (Bradley and Schmidly 1999). Clark (1938) reported a mean age at puberty of 51 days for females. In Arizona, females born in early summer were pregnant by late summer (Hoffmeister 1986).

• Key Reproductive Features
• iteroparous iteroparous
• seasonal breeding seasonal breeding
• gonochoric/gonochoristic/dioecious (sexes separate)
• sexual sexual
• viviparous viviparous

At birth, young P. boylii are hairless and blind and rely on the mother for care (Bradley and Schmidly 1999).

• Parental Investment
• altricial altricial
• pre-fertilization
  • provisioning
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-hatching/birth
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female
• pre-weaning/fledging
  • provisioning
    • female
  • protecting
    • female

Lifespan/Longevity

Little information on the life span/longevity of P. boylii in the wild is available. Nevertheless, the longevity of Peromyscus is typically short with few living more than one year under natural conditions (Terman 1968). In a long-term mark-recapture study of P. boylii in Arizona, Abbott et al. (1999) found that of more than 300 individuals most survived one year or less. A few individuals survived up to 26 months. Although mark-recapture studies typically underestimate survival and longevity and do not distinguish between dispersal and mortality, they provide a rough estimate of these demographic parameters.

Behavior

Peromyscus boylii is nocturnal and active year-round. These mice are skilled climbers (Holbrook 1979, Hoffmeister 1986). Nests, constructed with dry grasses and other vegetation, may be found in tree cavities and rock crevices, under logs and boulders, and in caves and mine shafts (Hoffmeister 1986, Bradley and Schmidly 1999). Hoffmeister (1986) notes that mice living in caves and mine shafts often build open nests similar to those of goldfinches. During periods of environmental stress (e.g., food and/or water scarcity), many species of Peromyscus , including P. boylii , may employ torpor to temporally escape such stressful conditions (see MacMillen 1983, MacMillen and Garland 1989 and references therein).

In New Mexico, Ribble and Stanley (1998), using radiotelemetry, found that home ranges of male P. boylii (mean of 0.47 ha) were significantly larger than home ranges of female P. boylii (mean of 0.26 ha). Additionally, home-range size also varied inversely with population density, and home ranges of females overlapped little with those of other females while home ranges of males overlapped those of several other males and females. These patterns of home-range size and overlap were consistent with a promiscuous mating system for P. boylii .

• Key Behaviors
• scansorial
• nocturnal nocturnal
• motile motile
• sedentary sedentary
• aestivation
• solitary solitary

Communication and Perception

Like other Peromyscus species, brush mice have keen eyesight and vision and extensively use chemical cues in communication.

• Communication Channels
• visual visual
• chemical chemical

• Perception Channels
• visual visual
• tactile tactile
• acoustic acoustic
• chemical chemical

Food Habits

Like other species of Peromyscus , P. boylii is omnivorous. Its flexible diet varies both temporally and spatially reflecting variation in the availability of food resources across seasons, years, and habitats. In California, Jameson (1952) found that P. boylii fed extensively on acorns and conifer seeds in winter; insects in spring; manzanita ( Arctostaphylos patula ) berries and insects in summer; and acorns, conifer seeds, and fungi in fall. In New Mexico, Smartt (1978) found that over a one-year period important food items included, 31% arthropods, 26% juniper fruit and cones, 11% mistletoe, and 5% parts of prickly pear cactus ( Opuntia ).

• Primary Diet
• omnivore omnivore

• Animal Foods
• insects
• terrestrial non-insect arthropods

• Plant Foods
• leaves
• wood, bark, or stems
• seeds, grains, and nuts
• fruit

Predation

P. boylii escapes predation through their nocturnal and secretive habits. Their fecundity allows populations to withstand high predation pressures. They are important prey items for many predatory mammals, birds of prey, and snakes, including foxes, owls, hawks, and rattlesnakes.

Ecosystem Roles

Peromyscus boylii are often one of the most common and abundant small mammals within parts of their range (Hoffmeister 1986, Boyett 2001) and undoubtedly serve as important prey for a variety of terrestrial and avian predators. They are reported to be an important food source for the federally threatened Mexican spotted owl ( Strix occidentalis lucida — Ward and Block 1995).

Economic Importance for Humans: Positive

Most information indicates that P. boylii is probably of little positive economic importance. Jameson (1952), however, suggested that P. boylii may be beneficial to reforestation projects by consuming harmful insect pests in such areas, but he also noted that these mice probably consume the planted seeds. On a large scale, P. boylii likely has little or no positive economic benefit for humans.

Economic Importance for Humans: Negative

In the southwestern United States, P. boylii has been identified as a reservoir host for hantavirus (Mills et al. 1997, Abbott et al. 1999) and therefore may pose a health risk to humans. Persons living or working in areas where they may come into contact with potentially infected rodents should therefore follow specific safety precautions and guidelines (e.g., Mills et al. 1995, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2000). Sanchez et al. (2001) recently identified a previously unknown strain of hantavirus from P. boylii , which they named Limestone Canyon virus. However, they found no evidence that Limestone Canyon virus causes hantavirus pulmonary syndrome.

• Negative Impacts
• injures humans
  • carries human disease

Conservation Status

Peromyscus boylii has no special conservation status.

Other Comments

Considerable taxonomic revision has taken place within P. boylii . Many taxa from Mexico and Central America previously assigned as subspecies of P. boylii ( aztecus , beatae , levipes , madrensis , simulus , and spicilegus ) have been elevated to species status (see Alvarez 1961, Carleton 1977, Schmidly et al. 1988) while others ( ambiguus , cordillerae , and sacarensis ) have been realigned under other species of Peromyscus (see Carleton 1979, Castro-Campillo et al. 1999, Bradley et al. 2000). Bradley and Schmidly (1999) recognize four subspecies: P. b. boylii (northern California and western Nevada); P. b. glasselli (San Pedro Nolasco Island, Sea of Cortéz, Mexico); P. b. rowleyi (southern California to Colorado and western Texas and Oklahoma, south to central Mexico); and P. b. utahensis (central Utah). Hafner et al. (2001) recommended that the insular P. stephani (San Esteban Island, Sea of Cortéz, Mexico) be included as a subspecies of P. boylii based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data.

Other small mammal species frequently found in association with P. boylii include Neotoma albigula (white-throated wood rats), N. stephensi (Stephen's wood rats), Spermophilus variegatus (rock squirrels), Tamias dorsalis (cliff chipmunks), and T. quadrivittatus (Colorado chipmunks) (Wilson 1968, Hoffmeister 1986, Boyett 2001).

Additional Links

Encyclopedia of Life

Contributors

Tanya Dewey (editor), Animal Diversity Web.

William Boyett (author), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Chris Yahnke (editor), University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.

References

Abbott, K., T. Ksiazek, J. Mills. 1999. Long-term hantavirus persistence in rodent populations in central Arizona. Emerging Infectious Diseases , 5: 102-112.

Alvarez, T. 1961. Taxonomic status of some mice of the *Peromyscus boylii* group in eastern Mexico, with description of a new subspecies. University of Kansas Publications of the Museum of Natural History , 14: 111-120.

Baker, R. 1968. Habitats and distribution. Pp. 98-126 in Biology of *Peromyscus* (Rodentia) . Special Publication Number 8: American Society of Mammalogists.

Boyett, W. 2001. Habitat relations of rodents in the Hualapai Mountains of northwestern Arizona . University of Wisconsin Oshkosh: Unpublished M.S. thesis.

Bradley, R., D. Schmidly. 1999. Brush mouse / *Peromyscus boylii*. Pp. 564-565 in The Smithsonian book of North American mammals . Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Bradley, R., I. Tiemann-Boege, C. Kilpatrick, D. Schmidly. 2000. Taxonomic status of *Peromyscus boylii sacarensis*: inferences from DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome- *b* gene. Journal of Mammalogy , 81: 875-884.

Carleton, M. 1977. Interrelationships of populations of the *Peromyscus boylii* species group (Rodentia, Muridae) in western Mexico. Occasional Papers, Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan , 675: 1-47.

Carleton, M. 1979. Taxonomic status and relationships of *Peromyscus boylii* from El Salvador. Journal of Mammalogy , 60: 280-296.

Castro-Campillo, A., H. Roberts, D. Schmidly, R. Bradley. 1999. Systematic status of *Peromyscus boylii ambiguus* based on morphologic and molecular data. Journal of Mammalogy , 80: 1214-1231.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2000. "National center for infectious diseases, special pathogens branch, all about hantavirus, prevention information" (On-line). Accessed November 04, 2001 at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/hanta/hps/noframes/phys/prevent.htm .

Clark, F. 1938. Age of sexual maturity in mice of the genus *Peromyscus*. Journal of Mammalogy , 19: 230-234.

Findley, J., A. Harris, D. Wilson, C. Jones. 1975. Mammals of New Mexico . Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press.

Hafner, D., B. Riddle, S. Alvarez-Castañeda. 2001. Evolutionary relationships of white-footed mice (*Peromyscus*) on islands in the Sea of Cortéz, Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy , 82: 775-790.

Hall, E. 1981. The mammals of North America. Vol. 2, Second ed . New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Hoffmeister, D. 1986. Mammals of Arizona . Tucson, Arizona: Arizona Game and Fish Department and University of Arizona Press.

Holbrook, S. 1978. Habitat relationships and coexistence of four sympatric species of *Peromyscus* in northwestern New Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy , 59: 18-26.

Holbrook, S. 1979. Vegetational affinities, arboreal activity, and coexistence of three species of rodents. Journal of Mammalogy , 60: 528-542.

Jameson, E. 1952. Food of deer mice, *Peromyscus maniculatus* and *P. boylei*, in the northern Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Mammalogy , 33: 50-60.

Jameson, E. 1953. Reproduction of deer mice (*Peromyscus maniculatus* and *P. boylei*) in the Sierra Nevada, California. Journal of Mammalogy , 34: 44-58.

MacMillen, R. 1983. Water regulation in *Peromyscus*. Journal of Mammalogy , 64: 38-47.

MacMillen, R., T. Garland, Jr.. 1989. Adaptive physiology. Pp. 143-168 in Advances in the study of *Peromyscus* (Rodentia) . Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press.

Mills, J., T. Ksiazek, B. Ellis, P. Rollin, S. Nichol. 1997. Patterns of association with host and habitat: antibody reactive with Sin Nombre virus in small mammals in the major biotic communities of the southwestern United States. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , 56: 273-284.

Mills, J., T. Yates, J. Childs, R. Parmenter, T. Ksiazek. 1995. Guidelines for working with rodents potentially infected with hantavirus. Journal of Mammalogy , 76: 716-722.

Ribble, D., S. Stanley. 1998. Home ranges and social organization of syntopic *Peromyscus boylii* and *P. truei*. Journal of Mammalogy , 79: 932-941.

Sanchez, A., K. Abbott, S. Nichol. 2001. Genetic identification and characterization of Limestone Canyon virus, a unique *Peromyscus*-borne hantavirus. Virology , 286: 345-353.

Schmidly, D., R. Bradley, P. Cato. 1988. Morphometric differentiation and taxonomy of three chromosomally characterized groups of *Peromyscus boylii* from east-central Mexico. Journal of Mammalogy , 69: 462-480.

Smartt, R. 1978. A comparison of ecological and morphological overlap in a *Peromyscus* community. Ecology , 59: 216-220.

Terman, C. 1968. Population dynamics. Pp. 412-450 in Biology of *Peromyscus* (Rodentia) . Special Publication Number 8: American Society of Mammalogists.

Ward, J., W. Block. 1995. Mexican spotted owl prey ecology. Pp. 1-48 in USDI Fish and Wildlife Service Mexican spotted owl recovery plan. Volume II . Albuquerque, New Mexico: USDI Fish and Wildlife Service.

Wilson, D. 1968. Ecological distribution of the genus *Peromyscus*. Southwestern Naturalist , 13: 267-274.

Wolff, J. 1989. Social behavior. Pp. 271-291 in Advances in the study of *Peromyscus* (Rodentia) . Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press.