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There are 7 extant species of tarsiers, all in the genus Tarsius. Tarsier species are all similar in size, morphology, and ecology. They are all small, nocturnal, predaceous primates specialized for leaping and clinging. Tarsiers are the most "primitive" of the haplorrhine primates, with fossils dating to the Eocene. They were once widely distributed, fossils are known from North America, Europe, North Africa, and Asia. Tarsiers are found only in archipelagos in southeast Asia, including Sumatra, Borneo

Galago galagos and lesser bushbabies

grip. Unlike other primates (order Primates), lesser galagos cannot move their digits independently of each other. They have large, round eyes with a large number of rod cells, which gives them exceptional low light vision. However, they have dichromatic vision meaning they are red-green color blind. Lesser galagos can leap large distances using their long hind legs, and can often be found sitting upright and clinging to vertical branches. Many species are indistinguishable from each other morphologically

Tarsius tarsiers

attempted revised taxonomy. This taxonomic discrepancy is strongly supported by data collection of physiological attributes such as coat colors, tail lengths, and size, as well as molecular data (Groves and Shekelle, 2010). Tarsiers are small furry primates with large red eyes, small dentition, and short limbs and hands relative to other primates (Groves, 2010). Tarsier eye size, relative to body size, is the largest of any mammal and directly correlates to their nocturnal behavior (Gillian, et al. 2016

Pitheciidae titi monkeys, sakis, and uakaris

may groom their young and females may have help from subadult females. Callicebus is unusual among New World primates in that males provide the majority of care for young, only returning them to their mothers to nurse. Young are typically carried ventrally for their first few months, after which they are transferred to being carried on the back and begin to locomote on their own away from caregivers. Titis (Callicebus), the smallest of the pitheciids, have lived more than 25 years in captivity. Uakaris

Indriidae indris, sifakas, and relatives

especially in indris and sifakas, in which they jump on their two rear feet while holding the arms above their heads or in front of their bodies. Like other primates, indriids rely heavily on vision for finding food, navigating, and in communication. Indriids have excellent, binocular vision. Woolly lemurs are nocturnal and have excellent vision in low light. Vocalizations play an important role in social communication as well. Indris sing melodious songs that can be heard up to 2 km away. Members of groups

Cebidae marmosets, tamarins, capuchins, and squirrel monkeys

sub-tropical areas of Central and South America. Cebids are found in a variety of forested habitats in tropical and sub-tropical areas. They are found in dense, evergreen tropical forests to dry forests. Altitudinal range varies from sea level to 2000 meters in squirrel monkeys and sea level to 2700 meters in capuchins. Marmosets and tamarins are mainly found in primary, lowland wet forests. Cebids include some of the smallest primates and the smallest true monkeys, with pygmy marmosets averaging masses of

Eulemur brown lemurs

true lemur" family, Lemuridae. Lemurs are considered a part of the suborder Strepsirrhini, within the order Primates. Lemurs (family Lemuridae) are endemic to Madagascar and are the only primate group present on the island. Two species in the genus Eulemur, mongoose lemurs (Eulemur mongoz) and common brown lemurs (E. fulvus), are also found in the Comoro Islands, although they were most likely introduced by humans. Evidence suggests that ancestral primates of the suborder Strepsirrhini ranged across what is

Daubentoniidae aye-aye

Galagidae bushbabies and galagos; dwarf bushbabies and dwarf galagos

Lorisidae lorises and pottos

Cheirogaleidae dwarf lemurs and mouse lemurs; fork-marked lemur

evergreen, deciduous, and scrub forests. Mouse lemurs (Microcebus) are also found in suburban and agricultural areas. Dwarf and mouse lemurs rest during the day in tree hollows or rounded leaf nests in Microcebus and Mirza species. Dwarf and mouse lemurs are the smallest lemurs, from 12 to 27 cm in length and 30 (Microcebus berthae) to 460 g (Phaner furcifer). Pygmy, or Berthe's, mouse lemurs (Microcebus berthae) are the smallest primates. Cheirogaleids have gray or brown dorsal pelage and lighter, creamy

Otolemur crassicaudatus greater galago

rich, energy-dense milk, especially in comparison with anthropoid primates. This may be related to their lifestyle, as anthropoid primates carry their young during lactation and this galago does not (Tilden, 1997; Nowak, 1983). The role of the male in parental care has not been described, but through defense of his home range, he may unintentionally help to protect and defend the young within the territory. Species in the genus Otolemur have been reported to live in excess of 18 years in captivity. It is

Eulemur rubriventer red-bellied lemur

Females have preferential access to food and chose their own mates. Red-bellied lemurs do not appear to be territorial. Grooming is an important way of maintaining social cohesion within the group. Lemurs use their lower incisors as a comb to groom troop members (Duke University Primate Center, 1999; Nowak, 1999; Preston-Mafham, 1992). As in other primate species, communication is complex and occurs in a variety of ways. In addition to vocal communication, E. rubriventer uses chemicals to communicate. The

Galago gabonensis Gabon bushbaby

primates with long, fully furred tails and large ears (Kingdon, 2004). The tail is about 25.4 cm in length and the average body length is 21.6 cm (Grzimek et al., 2005). The closest relative of G. gabonensis is Galago alleni. Galago gabonensis has been described as browner in color than Galago alleni (Groves, 1989). Like other primates, Gabon bushbabies have opposable thumbs that can be used for gripping branches. They are nocturnal and have large eyes with a reflective tapetum lucidum. This improves vision

Alouatta howler monkeys

Genus Alouatta belongs to family Atelidae and are among the Neotropical primates. There are currently 14 species and 7 subspecies of Alouatta recognized, though there has been some debate over taxonomy in recent years. Alouatta is often recognized by its loud and boisterous call, hence the common name of howler monkeys. Like the other members of Atelidae, Alouatta has a prehensile tail which can support individuals' body weights during foraging, feeding, and locomotion. Alouatta has the largest geographic

Aotidae night monkeys

Atelidae howler and prehensile tailed monkeys

Lemuridae true lemurs

Lepilemuridae sportive lemurs

Tarsius syrichta Philippine tarsier

other prosimians in several characters. These include two grooming claws on each foot, lack of a toothcomb formed by the lower canines and incisors, and a diploid number of eighty chromosomes. Tarsiers are also less vocal than many other primates. These animals are usually seen in male-female pairs, indicating that like other tarsiers, they probably mate monogamously. Breeding occurs throughout the year. Tarsier females bear a single young. The gestation period lasts six months. Recent research shows that

Tarsius pumilus pygmy tarsier

tarsiers often reside in the lower canopy, among sapling trunks, and on the forest floor. Upper montane forests are characterized by the presence of dense mist. Humidity in these regions is 85 to 100%, creating a clammy, cold, and wet environment. Like other tarsiers, pygmy tarsiers are small-bodied haplorhine primates whose appearance is dominated by large round eyes, large bare ears, long hind limbs with elongated ankles, elongated digits, and a long slender tail.Pygmy tarsiers are easily distinguished

Tarsius dentatus Dian's tarsier

Snyder, 2003). In the future, when Tarsius dentatus is better studied and more popular, Morowali Nature Reserve and Lore Lindu National Park might serve as sites for economic tourism.Tarsiers are an ancient line of primates existing for at least forty million years. They occupy a unique primate niche and have many morphological and behavioral specializations. Tarsius dentatus is invaluable to the scientific and education communities for understanding the origin and evolution of haplorhine primates. There

Euoticus elegantulus western needle-clawed galago

Eouticus elegantulus occupies the upper levels of the African rainforest canopy throughout the countries of Southern Cameroon, south of the Sanaga River, Rio Muni (Mainland Equatorial Guinea), Gabon, Congo and South Nigeria. Needle-clawed bushbabies live in primary and secondary forests. They are completely arboreal and nocturnal, occupying the closed canopy of Africa’s tropical rainforest up to about 50 m in height. Euoticus elegantulus receives its common name from its distinctive nails. These primates

Tarsius tarsier spectral tarsier

Their hands are thought to be the longest of any living primate relative to body size. These extremely elongated hands are designed for clinging and gripping despite the lack of opposable thumbs. The third finger of T. tarsier is extremely long and slender and is only 15% shorter than the humerus. This trait is not symmetrically reproduced from the anterior to the posterior, as the fourth digit is the longest of the hindlimb digits. The second and third digits of the hindlimb are equipped with specialized

Galago demidoff Prince Demidoff's bushbaby; Demidoff's galago

m) off the ground. They can often be seen in the dense vegetation by the roadside and in ditches. Galagoides demidoff is the smallest primate found in Africa. The head and body length is between 105 and 123 mm, and the tail is 150 to 205 mm long. Demidoff's bushbabies weigh between 46 and 88 gm. The color of the dorsal fur varies from bright gingery to gray-brown, whereas the fur on the ventrum is a paler tan. The ears are relatively short, un-furred, and mobile, and the nose is pointed and upturned

Tarsius sangirensis Sangihe tarsier

The Sangihe tarsier (Tarsius sangirensis) is endemic to Sangihe Island of North Sulawesi, which is a small island in Indonesia that span an area approximately 576km^2. This island is located directly east of the Caleb Sea and southwest of Philippine Sea on the eastern side of the Indonesian archipelago. Sangihe tarsiers live in a subtropical/tropical climate with some climatic variation between the dry and wet season. They have been found normally in groups of 2-6 primates in coconut trees (Cocos nucifera

Pithecia saki monkeys

The genus Pithecia, more commonly known as Saki monkeys, are New World Monkeys native to neotropical South America. There are currently 16 described species and can be found throughout tropical rainforests in the Amazon Basin. Pithecia are medium-sized primates that are characterized by their long, thick fur that covers their whole body. Their tales are non-prehensile and are often at a 1:1 ratio with their body. The genus prefers mature forests and they spend the majority of their time foraging in the

Nycticebus coucang slow loris

or weight, in general, there is little to no sexual dimorphism displayed by this species. They have a toothcomb and six procumbent teeth on their lower jaw, consisting of the lower incisors and the canine teeth. Lorises use their toothcomb to scrape off gum when foraging, and rarely use their toothcomb for grooming (a common practice among other primates with toothcombs). Like other slow lorises, these animals have wet noses, round heads, small ears hidden in thick fur, a flat face and large eyes. Males

Propithecus tattersalli golden-crowned sifaka

avian predators, as it has a specific alarm call for such creatures. Because they are frugivorous, it is likely that these primates help to disperse some seeds. To the extent that they are important as prey items, they may also influence local food webs. Golden-crowned sifakas have been hunted for bushmeat. In addition, the primate fauna of Madagascar draws ecotourists to the island, and these animals may contribute to this lure. There are no known adverse effects of P. tattersalli on humans. Propithecus

Loris tardigradus slender loris

Loris tardigradus (the slender loris) is a strepsirhine primate restricted to the island of Sri Lanka. Three subspecies of L. tardigradus and one subspecies of its only congener, Loris lydekkerianus, maintain fairly discrete habitat niches in Sri Lanka. Loris tardigradus tardigradus is found in wet, lowland forests of the southwest. Loris tardigradus grandis occupies the central hills ranging from 731 m to 1036 m in elevation and is thought to interbreed with L. t. tardigradus at middle elevations in the

Perodicticus potto potto

at 8 to 14 months old, and become sexually mature at 18 months. Infant pottos will initially grow at a rate of 3.19 grams per day. Infants are altricial at birth, but are comparatively well-developed when compared to other primates because they have to climb to the mother’s belly and cling to her fur without any maternal handling. Offspring cling to their mother’s fur for the first 3 to 8 days and are rarely carried. As the infant grows, the mother will “park” the infant by leaving it hanging on a

Cercopithecidae Old World monkeys

Hominidae great apes and humans

Cheirogaleus dwarf lemurs

Hylobatidae gibbons and lesser apes

Callitrichinae marmosets and tamarins

Propithecus sifakas

Callicebus personatus masked titi

They inhabit primary and secondary Atlantic coastal forests from sea level to 1000m (3281ft); and are also found in banana groves (Rowe 1996). They may prefer secondary forests with thick understory growth (Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, 2001) Masked titis are represented by 5 distinct subspecies, each with their own color patterns (Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, 2001). In general they have black foreheads and sideburns. Their bodies are covered with thick soft grayish to yellowish

Hylobates moloch silvery gibbon

The role these primates play in their ecosystem has not been detailed in the literature. However, it is likely that through their frugivory, they play some role in seed dispersal. Hylobates moloch is not an important economic resource for humans. This species is not used for biomedical research, unlike some other primate species. Molochs are sometimes hunted for meat, and illegal poaching does occur for the pet trade. These animals are not known to have a negative effect on humans. This species is

Nycticebus pygmaeus pygmy slow loris

commonly include circles around the eyes and dorsal stripes starting at their crown and continuing down their back. During the winter, these markings become more prominent, and they acquire silver tips or "frosting." This seasonal coloration is thought to camouflage and protect the animals, as, during the winter, they must sit in exposed areas such as dense scrub or in the upper branches of trees that lack foliage.Like other strepsirhine primates and members of the family Lorisidae, pygmy slow lorises have

Brachyteles arachnoides muriqui; woolly spider monkey

except the first muriqui in line is utilizing well used and tested branches.Unlike many other primate species, muriqui females exert a great deal of control in social interactions. In this species, the males and the females are very nearly the same size. Because of this, the males cannot bully the females into submission.This is one of a few groups of primates where the males stay with their natal group and the females are the ones to leave to join other troops. Troops maintain a home range in which they

Propithecus verreauxi Verreaux's sifaka

or leave to form their own. Mothers carry newborn sifakas near their chest and abdomen for the first 2 to 3 months after birth and then on her back until offspring reach about 6 months of age. Little is known about the lifespan of Verreaux's sifakas in the wild, as the residents of Madagascar rarely come into contact with them. Studies have found that they have a surprisingly low parasitic load, which may result in increased lifespan relative to other closely related primates. The average lifespan of

Propithecus diadema diademed sifaka

and Henst's goshawks. The main predators of P. diadema are probably fossas, an ambush predator that takes advantage of any opportunities available.Two alarm vocalizations are given in response to predators. The ground predator call is a "tzisk-tzisk-tzisk", and the aerial predator call is a "honk-honk-honk" (Wright, 1988, 1995; Garbutt, 1999; Mittermeier, 1994). Groups maintain distinct ranges of 20 to 30 ha (Wright, 1988). As in all primate species, communication is rich and varied. Vocalizations are used

Callicebus moloch dusky titi

Titi monkeys are generally found in low canopy forest, near rivers. They have been observed on the ground in the wild. Family groups are strongly territorial. A family group consists of an adult male and female and their offspring from several seasons. Mean group size is 3.3. Like all neotropical primates (except Aotus), titi monkeys are strongly diurnal. Their daily feeding is always interrupted by a mid-day rest. They typically sleep together in a vine encrusted tree and often return to the same tree

Arctocebus calabarensis Calabar angwantibo

and the standard nocturnal predators of equatorial Africa. Arctocebus calabarensis is known to roll up into a ball when threatened, keeping the face under the armpit. If attacked, golden pottos will bite the predator on the snout, not letting go. Infants cling to the mother if she appears alarmed. Newborns are born with eyes open and can cling to their mothers' fur or to tree branches. In order to avoid birds of prey, these primates rarely climb higher than 15 m. (Charles-Donimique, 1977) Golden pottos help

Microcebus myoxinus Peters's mouse lemur

forest is about 14 m in height. They are generally found at elevations from sea level to 150 m. Peters's mouse lemurs are the smallest living primates in the world, weighing 30 to 55 g and measuring 12 to 13 cm in length. Although males and females are roughly the same length, females are heavier than males most of the year, except during the mating season. The testes of males vary in size seasonally and become especially large during the mating season, leading to a gain of weight during the reproductive

Eulemur coronatus crowned lemur

repored to reach up to 36 years of age in captivity. Lifespan in the wild is likely to be lower. Eulemur coronatus is probably like other members in the genus in regard to lifespan. These mostly diurnal primates tend to be social, living in groups raning in size from 5 to 15 individuals, with an average group size is 5 or 6. These groups usually contain several adults of both sexes. It has been suggested that group size decreases in more humid environments, such as Mt. d'Ambre at the upper northern tip of

Galago zanzibaricus Zanzibar bushbaby; Zanzibar galago

Zanzibar bushbabies are protected by law in Kenya as well as in certain conservatories such as the Tanzania Forest Conservation Group. Despite these efforts, only about 12% of their total range is protected. The phylogenetics of G. zanzibaricus has a complicated history. In recent years this creature's place within primate phylogeny has been anything but stable. Three major techniques have been utilized: morphological analyses, molecular analyses, and analysis of vocalization data. Analyses based on these

Lepilemur mustelinus weasel sportive lemur

feed directly from them (Grzimek, 1990; Richard, 1987). These small nocturnal primates probably fall prey to raptors, snakes, fossas, and any other carnivorous animal large enough to subdue them. Humans are reported to hunt members of this genus for meat. As frugivores, these primates probably help to disperse seeds. To the extent that they serve as prey for other animals, they may impact local food webs. Sportive lemurs are sometimes hunted for their meat (Grzimek, 1990). There are no known negative