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species (predators above look down on a dark dorsum, matching the depths or forest floor below, while predators below see the pale venter, against light streaming down from above). Its role is less clear in the case of the many countercolored terrestrial and nocturnal rodents. Hair also provides by its color a means of signaling other members of one's own species (e.g., the white tail of the white-tailed deer, flashed by a fleeing animal to signal danger) or members of other species (e.g., the contrasting
Cetacea". A. Examples of this order are: _____________________________________________ B. Are cetaceans: TERRESTRIAL or AQUATIC C. Baleen whales feed on ________________________________________________ D. Click on "Delphinidae" - then click on "killer whale" - classify: Kingdom: Phylum: Class: Order: Family: Genus: Species: E. Are killer whales predators? ________ F. Most of the food of the killer whale is _________________ and _____________________ G. Are killer
mammals. Those of monotremes are simple aggregations of glandular tissue along the abdominal wall. Milk is secreted into depressions and is licked off of the fur by the young. In many species (e.g., humans), numerous ducts discharge separately to the surface of a fleshy protuberance called a nipple. In others (e.g., cows), the ducts secrete their milk into a common reservoir, which discharges to the outside via a single opening in a teat. Mammary glands also differ in location and number. Some marsupials
The Basic Structure of Cheek Teeth
few more terms: a crista (cristid) is a crest or ridge. The term is usually given a prefix that describes location (e.g., entocrista). A loph (lophid) is a ridge that is formed by the elongation (and sometimes fusion) of cusps. This term also is usually modified by a prefix (e.g., mesoloph). Tritubercular is a term that is sometimes used to refer to an upper tribosphenic molar; tuberculosectorial refers to a lower tribosphenic molar
by carefully examining the teeth themselves. Teeth are worn away as they function, forming distinctive "wear facets" where they meet during chewing. These facets often appear striated as a result of teeth occluding repeatedly in the same pattern. The teeth of mammals with fairly generalized (i.e., not highly specialized) dentition have three main features. Cusps serve to puncture food; crests that connect cusps shear; and basins crush or grind food. Generally incisors and canines are simple teeth used to
worked. References Allin, E. F. 1986. The auditory apparatus of advanced mammal-like reptiles and early mammals. Pp. 283-294 in N. Hotton III, P. D. MacLean, J. J. Roth, and E. C. Roth, eds. The Ecology and Biology of Mammal-like Reptiles. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington. x+326 pp. Crompton, A. W., and W. L. Hylander. 1986. Changes in mandibular function following the acquisition of a dentary-squamosal jaw articulation. Pp. 263-282 in N. Hotton III, P. D. MacLean, J. J. Roth, and E. C. Roth, eds
shaped. At the bottom of the W are the metacone and paracone. Crests run from these cones to cusps on the stylar shelf to form the rest of the W. A protocone sits apart, not part of the ectoloph and lingual to it. Examples of mammals with dilambdodont teeth include shrews (Soricidae), moles (Talpidae), and many insectivorous bats (e.g., Vespertilionidae). Zalambdodont Dilambdodont A change that occurred early in mammalian history is the addition of a fourth main cusp, the hypocone, to the upper molar. The
Differentiation of teeth in an individual
mammals (at least in terms of number of species!), the rodents, use their incisors in this manner, but chisel-like incisors followed by a diastema are also seen, for example, in lagomorphs (rabbits and pikas), hyraxes, some primates (e.g., the aye-aye; also in an extinct group, the plesiadapids), and in some members of a large, rodent-like group of early mammals (now extinct) called the multituberculates. Other modifications of incisors include the scalpel incisors of vampire bats, the tusks of elephants
109(52), 21289–94. Eisenberg, J. F., & Gould, E. 1970. The tenrecs: a study in mammalian behavior and evolution. City of Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Endo, H. et al. 2010. A quill vibrating mechanism for a sounding apparatus in the streaked tenrec (Hemicentetes semispinosus). Zoological Science, 27(5), 427–32. Gould, E. 1965. Evidence for echolocation in the Tenrecidae of Madagascar. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 109(6): 352-360. Hoey, K.A., Wise, R.R. & Adler, G.H. 2004
to use the tail for "feeling" their way as they back into crevices. In yet other groups, the tail is shorter than the membrane, and in some (e.g., emballonurids), it emerges from the membrane well before the end and rises above it. A few bats appear to lack tails altogether. References Hill, J. E. and J. D. Smith, 1992. Bats: A Natural History. University of Texas Press, Austin
University of Chicago Press, Chicago. x+350 pp. DeBlase, A. F., and R. E. Martin. 1981. A manual of mammalogy. Second Edition. Wm. C. Brown, Publishers. Dubuque, Iowa. xii+436 pp. Hillson, S. 1986. Teeth. Cambridge Manuals in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. xix+376 pp. Peyer, B. 1968. Comparative Odontology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. xiv+347 pp. Strahan, R. (ed.). 1995. Mammals of Australia. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. 756 pp. Romer, A. S. 1962. The
feeding or grooming. This trait is well known in the Virginia opossum, which is commonly portrayed fully suspended by its tail, but is also found in a variety of other mammals, including other marsupials (e.g., ground cuscus (Phalanger gymnotis)), primates (e.g., Central American spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi)), and rodents (e.g., prehensile-tailed hutias (Mysateles prehensilis) and Brazilian porcupines (Coendou prehensilis)) (Cartmill, 1985). Climbing Locomotion One of the challenges of climbing trees
Exercises for College Students
does body size relate to the food habits of animals? To gestation period? Use ADW to discover patterns and think about how to explain these patterns E.g. there are very few small folivores -- why? Should be able to "discover" that most small animals eat energy-rich diets) *Species in the ADW database are not randomly drawn from the Animal Kingdom. How does this fact affect your answers to the starred exercises? Does it affect those not starred? Discuss ways you may re-address the same questions to avoid
automatically enter the references in the appropriate citation format at the end of each paragraph. If you have gotten information from a conversation or email with a researcher, you should give the person's name (with first and middle initials) and indicate "personal communication." E.g. (Lacey, E.A. personal communication). You will have to enter this kind of citation manually at the end of the sentence or section in which you use information from a personal communication. It is customary to obtain
Legs, Feet, and Cursorial Locomotion
or two and decreasing the mass of the foot (this also this moves the center of gravity of the limb closer to the body). The mass of muscle at the end of the legs is also reduced by simplifying the motion of the joints so that almost all motion is forward and backward, and by strengthening the joint for motion in that plane by changes in the bony articulation of its components and their ligamentous support (rather than strengthening by adding muscle mass). References DeBlase, A. F., and R. E. Martin. 1981. A
Southwestern University * author (1) Buettner, Amy E. Bridgewater College * author (1) Bugby, Christoph St. Lawrence University
author (1) Buehler, Nicole Southwestern University * author (1) Buettner, Amy E. Bridgewater College * author (1) Bugby, Christoph