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primates, the basic care for the young is the responsibility of females. However, because this species tends toward monogamy, males may play some role in protection and grooming of offspring. The typical life expectancy in captivity is about 12 years. Lifespan for wild individuals has not been reported, but is likely to be less, due to risk of mortality from predation and disease. Fork-marked lemurs live in either monogomous pairs or as solitary individuals within small territories that they protect

Microcebus murinus gray mouse lemur

Microcebus murinus is found throughout Madagascar in dense forest regions. Gray mouse lemurs are extremely arboreal.They move by leaping from the branches of trees. They generally forage close to ground level. They inhabit a wide variety of forest types throughout Madagascar, and are found mostly in the dry deciduous forests of southern and western Madagascar in the regions between Fort-Dulphin and the Sambirano River. Gray mouse lemurs are one of the smallest living primates. They are characterized by

Tarsius bancanus western tarsier

by 80 days after parturition. After parturition, male western tarsiers are aggressively chased away by the mother until the baby reaches maturity. Captive males have been known to kill their young. Young do not develop locomotor independence for about four weeks; until then, they are "parked" while mothers forage for prey. Unlike many other primates, mother's rarely carry young, which may be due to the large-size of newborns. Other than providing milk and protection from the father, mothers offer limited

Microcebus berthae Berthe's mouse lemur

recently because of their status as the "smallest living primate". This primate, along with the other interesting fauna in the Kirindy Forest, has attracted curious visitors, who can take walking or automobile tours of the area (Kirindy Forest). Although their diminutive size may attract tourists, this feature is a deterrent for hunters. Likewise, Madame Berthe's mouse lemurs may also be of service to humans by dispersing seeds as a result of their frugivorous diet. There are no known adverse effects of

Galago moholi South African galago

proportionate to body size, of all primates. South African galagos have huge orange eyes that are surrounded by a dark mask of fur. The tail is an average of 11 to 28 cm and is dark in color. Galago moholi has the tooth comb and grooming claw typical of Strepsirrhini. In their ear canal the tympanic ring is fused with the lateral wall, like other galagos and lorises. They have longer hindlimbs than forelimbs with an intermembral index of 54 which makes them well adapted for vertical clinging and leaping

Eulemur mongoz mongoose lemur

36 years in captivity. An individual which was a hybrid of E. fulvus and Eulemur macaco lived for 39 years in captivity. It is likely that E. mongoz is similarly long lived, although wild lifespan is likely to be shorter than that seen in captivity. Mongoose lemurs have a very different behavioral pattern than that of most primates. Individual activity patterns vary between populations and depending on the season. During dry seasons mongoose lemurs tend to be nocturnal. They will switch to diurnal activity

Alouatta guariba brown howler; brown howler monkey

monopolizes all reproductive females and sires all young. In Primates where males outnumber females, male-male competition for resources and mates is intense, which may lead to sexual dimorphism and polygny. Adult males disperse from their natal group and must compete with alpha males to gain acceptance into a new social group. Extra group copulations are less frequent in Alouatta relative to other Primates. After male solicitation, the female moves towards the male and performs rhythmic tongue movements

Saguinus bicolor Brazilian bare-faced tamarin

includes multimale/multifemale family groups of two to eight, including a dominant female. Saguinus bicolor occupies the smallest homerange of any Amazon primate, about 12 ha. Like other primates, communication in this species involves many different channels. Vocal communication consists of whistles and chirps. Chemical communication in tamarins is more complex. Supapubic/sternal marking is used by rubbing the sternal gland in the anogenital region against branches. Two forms of sternal marking are used

Cheirogaleus major greater dwarf lemur

between offspring and their mother. Such communication may include grooming, playing, and aggression. Urine is used for scent marking, indicating that some chemical communication is used. Although not specifically reported for this species, visual communication, through body postures, etc, is usually used by primates. Greater dwarf lemurs are omnivorous. They usually feed on fruits, flowers, and nectar (Nowak, 1999). The diet sometimes also includes insects and small vertebrates (Grzimek, 1988). Greater

Microcebus rufus brown mouse lemur

females are slightly smaller than those of the males. Subdominant males may be found on the periphery of the dominant male territories (Glaston, 1979). As in all primates, these lemurs are likely to use a variety of modes of communication. Scent marking is important in advertising estrus, as are the visual signals of touching the genitals and wiping the mouth. Tactile communication is important during mating, as are vocalizations, which let the male know when the female is done. Brown mouse lemurs are

Nycticebus bengalensis Bengal slow loris

similar in structure to Fel-d1, also known as cat allergen. This can cause anaphylactic shock in humans and other predators. Many other volatile and semi-volatile compounds are also in the loris brachial gland exudates causing ill-effects in the predators. These secretions may also serve an anti-parasitic role, as lorises have an extremely low occurrence and intensity of ectoparasite infestation compared to other primates. Known predators of Bengal slow lorises include pythons (Python reticulatus), hawk

Aotus azarae Azara's night monkey; feline night monkey

lower molars have four or sometimes five. This family is set apart from other primates by their platyrrhine nose (a wide form of the septum that separates the nostrils). The long and thin digits bear flattened or curved nails. It's great toe is well-developed and widely opposable to the other toes. There is no baculum.Macdonald (1984), Nowak (1991) The father takes an active role in raising the young and the relationship among the mother and father is monogamous. This permanent pairing is based on the

Macaca macaques

The genus Macaca is comprised of 24 species and are the most dispersed taxon of primates besides Homo Sapiens. Macaca species are Old World monkeys in the family Cercopithecinae. Macaques are predominately found in the tropical Oriental Region forests, but can also be found in the Paleartic Region. Macaques are medium-sized primates and can weigh between 3-18 kilograms. They are mostly arboreal, but some species have become semi-terrestrial. Macaques live in social groups comprised of adult males, females

Callithrix chrysoleuca gold-and-white marmoset

primates. The tufts are comprised of long white hair and are located on the ears. Their coat is pale yellow to orange in coloration. The face is pink. In this species, as in other marmosets and tamarins, claws replace nails on most digits, supporting their scansorial mode of locomotion. Gold-and-white marmosets do not have opposable thumbs; this is also true of other marmosets and tamarins, but is unlike most other primates. The body length ranges from 19 to 26 cm, while the tail can reach 30 to 36 cm

Loris lydekkerianus gray slender loris

circumocular patch, and a narrow white rim between the dark preauricular hair and circumocular patch. Both male and female adults weigh approximately 180 grams.Loris lydekkerianus has many distinctive derived characteristics including extremely slender limbs, the closest orbital approximation of all primates, small hands in comparison with the feet, feet with shortened second digits, a unique non-saltatory locomotor style, digestive specializations for ingesting toxic prey, and an unusually low basal

Pongo orangutan

of caterpillars, leeches, maggots, ticks, and larvae. They poke out many of these invertebrates using a stick in the burrows or crevices where the invertebrates reside. Orangtuans will also eat vertebrates including the eggs of many bird species, tree rats, small lizards, and primates like loras or gibbons.There are a few regional differences between the orangutan diet. Subpopulations of orangutans each vary widely on what they eat, as their foraging behavior determines what they eat, and their behavior

Callicebus cupreus coppery titi

on leaves prior to sleeping. Red titi monkeys are rarely seen feeding in the same trees at the same time as other primates, but can be seen feeding in a tree before or after another primate species. Individuals of a family group habitually feed on the same food source at the same time, indicating a possible social aspect to feeding times. Females have been found to double their intake of insects when lactating, a period during which the protein needs of females increases. Conversely, males have not been

Varecia rubra red ruffed lemur

Varecia rubra (red ruffed lemur) currently lives, along with all extant lemurs, on the island-nation of Madagascar. Red ruffed lemurs inhabit the deciduous tropical forests of the Masoala Peninsula near Maroansetra. The Masoala Peninsula is one of the top conservation efforts in Madagascar. Its rich biodiversity includes more than just red ruffed lemurs: white-fronted brown lemurs, and aye-ayes also live there. Primates represent only a few of the taxonomic reasons why the Masoala National Park was created

Callithrix humilis Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset

in many other primate species. It is likely that vocal cues and visual communication play an important role, as they do for most primates. In winter months, when fruit is scarce, Roosmalen's dwarf marmosets feed on tree gum. They cling vertically to trees with strong claw-like nails, which also allow them to cut holes in the bark and feed on saps and gums. The only reported predators of Roosmalen's dwarf marmosets are domestic cats, domestic dogs, and birds of prey. It is likely that they are also preyed on

Callimico goeldii Goeldi's marmoset; Goeldi's monkey

to long, loud shrills that can be heard over several hundred meters. Goeldi's marmosets use vocalizations to alert their group to primates, food sources, and intruding primates.Goeldi's marmosets also communicate non-vocally using facial expressions, yawning, social grooming, tail-waving, urine-marking, and scratching. Adults will also fight each other, but this usually occurs just between members of the same sex. Males rarely fight with females and vice versa.Because Goeldi's marmosets communicate

Cacajao calvus red uakari

live young at intervals of about two years. The young are weaned between 3 and 5 months during which period they begin to eat soft fruits. Females nurse their young until they are between 3 and 5 months old. Uakaris are active and intelligent primates that live in large social groups ranging primarily between 10-30, but sometimes reaching nearly 100. Despite this large size, uakaris split off into groups of 1-10 to do their foraging. They are diurnal and at night climb into high thin branches to sleep

Saimiri sciureus South American squirrel monkey

short greyish coat and bright yellow legs. Their non-prehensile tail often curls over one shoulder when they are resting. They have 36 teeth, and their teeth are sexually dimorphic in that males have large upper canines.Squirrel monkesy possess nails instead of claws, and they have been called 'small, nervous primates'. They are the smallest of the Primate family Cebidae. Within their own group, squirrel monkeys are promiscuous. Squirrel monkeys are seasonal breeders. They mate between September and

Saguinus oedipus cotton-top tamarin

reddish-orange, while the tip is blackish.Characteristics that distinguish callitrichids from other new world monkeys are modified claws instead of nails on all digits and the presence of two rather than three molars on each side of the jaw. Saguinus oedipus has a monogamous breeding system. This species has a form of cooperative breeding, which isn't present in many other Primates. It consists of adult 'helpers' staying in the family and gaining breeding experience instead of breeding themselves. This may

Callithrix jacchus white-tufted-ear marmoset

Common marmosets are New World primates. Their original range was limited to north eastern Brazil, but habitat destruction in that area is widespread. Wild populations of the common marmoset are now located in south eastern Brazilian coastal rainforest. (Parker, 1990) Common marmosets can be found around the edges of the forest as opposed to deep within it. They live in many forest types, including plantations. (Parker) The common marmoset has a body length of about 12 - 15 cm, with a tail length of 29.5

Alouatta belzebul red-handed howler monkey

others in the troop. They suggested that differences in parturition and the handling of neonates between two groups of red-handed howlers may reflect this learning. There is little information on lifespan of Alouatta belzebul in the wild due to the long-term observations required. Some suggest primate longevity of captive individuals is similar to that of wild ones. Alouatta species generally have a lifespan of 15 to 20 years. Howler monkeys are diurnal, although they spend most of their day (up to 80

Cheirogaleus medius fat-tailed dwarf lemur

nocturnal primates. They live in small groups of a mated male and female and their offspring from the previous one or two breeding seasons. They move in a quadrupedal, squirrel-like fashion. Fat-tailed dwarf lemurs spend virtually all their time in trees. During the winter dry months they become dormant for up to 6 months, nesting in holes in trees. During this time they use stored fat in their tails to survive until the next wet season. Their body temperatures while dormant vary with ambient temperature

Cercopithecus diana Diana monkey

be varied and complex. Facial expression and body postures are some of the visual cues primates use to communicate mood and intent. Vocalizations are common in primates. Tactile communication is important in social bonding and maintenance of relationships. Grooming, mating, and caring for young are all very tactile. Diana monkeys are omnivorous, eating fruits, flowers, young leaves, insects and invertebrates (Grzimck 1990, Macdonald 1984). As is common in other forest monkeys, predators are likely to

Daubentonia madagascariensis aye-aye

Rhinopithecus roxellana golden snub-nosed monkey

social animals that display a group behavior known as fission and fusion. This behavior, uncommon in primates, entails a seasonal formation of large groups alternating with a splintering into smaller groups. In the case of P. roxellana, summer groups may contain as many as 600 individuals-- an extraordinary number for any primate except humans. However, when cold weather begins to set in, the large group breaks up into subgroups of 60 to 70 individuals. The subgroups merge again in the spring. Possible

Indri indri indri

above their head.Indris live in groups of 3 to 5 individuals, consisting of 2 adults and their offspring. The adult female is dominant to the adult male. The group ranges from 300 to 700 m daily. Groups space themselves through loud, wailing calls that not only determine territories, but also unite groups. Territorial defense is by adult males. They mark territories with urine and also use gland secretions from the muzzle. As in other diurnal primates, visual signals are used in communication. Body posture

Galago thomasi Thomas's bushbaby

Galago alleni Allen's squirrel galago

Ateles spider monkeys

Galago senegalensis Senegal galago

Otolemur garnettii small-eared galago

Ateles belzebuth white-bellied spider monkey

most primates, females provide the bulk of parental care. Male parental behavior for this species has not been mentioned. The lifespan of this species is unknown, but is similar to other spider monkeys. In captivity, the lifespan is 30 to 40 years for other species of spider monkeys. A. belzebuth is highly social, and is active during the day. Groups of these animals range from 20 to 40 members, but they also split into smaller subgroups during the day to forage. This type of social organization is called

Symphalangus syndactylus siamang

time they are suspended by one arm.(Preuschoft, 1990; Chivers, 1979) Predation on these animals has not been thoroughly documented. It is likely that avian predators are a great risk to young. Carnivores and snakes may also prey upon H. syndactylus. As frugivores, these primates are likely to be important seed dispersers. Symphalangus syndactylus has economic importance to humans. Siamangs are kept as pets, used in studies of primate behavior, and in entertainment. Many zoos display acrobatic siamangs for

Mandrillus leucophaeus drill

if 13 to 14 months, indicating that these primates give birth approximately annually. It is likley that M. leucophaeus is similar in these features. Parental investment in these animals has not been fully described, although it is likely to be similar to that seen in other polygynous primate species.Mothers provide the bulk of the care and protection for their offspring. Maternal kin, brothers and sisters, may also help in carrying, grooming, and playing with young. Males in some species care for the young

Colobus vellerosus ursine colobus

colobus monkeys are social primates and have many vocal, tactile, and visual forms of communication. All Colobus species use a roaring call to advertise territory and location, it resembles a low "rur, rur, rur" noise (Fleagle, 1998). Colobus monkeys also have alarm calls that alert group members when predators have been seen. Alarm calls are characterized as "snorting" and are made by all members of the group except infants. As in other primates, mutual grooming is important to social cohesion ursine

Ateles paniscus black spider monkey

54.0 cm. Males and females have average weights of 9.11 kg and 8.44 kg, respectively. Black spider monkeys have small heads, relative to their bodies. They also have long arms and legs, and a tail that helps them balance while moving through the forest canopy. Excluding the face, hands, and feet, they are covered in jet-black hair that is longer than that found on a typical primate. Black spider monkeys initiate courtship by wrestling and playing with members of the opposite sex. This behavior often

Callithrix geoffroyi Geoffroy's marmoset

penicillata x C. geoffroyi has been found in the Serra da Piedade along the Rio Piracicaba. Geoffroy's marmosets inhabit secondary lowlands and sub-montane forest, evergreen, and semideciduous forest, forest edge and dry forest patches. They are generally found at an elevation of between 500 and 700 m, but can be found as high as 800 m. Geoffroy's marmosets are small primates, only about 200 mm in length, with a tail of about 290 mm. Females tend to weigh around 190 g, while males range from 230 g to 350 g

Aotus trivirgatus northern night monkey

separated into many different species or sub-species by different researchers. Aotus trivirgatus is the only nocturnal primate of the neotropics [See comments below]. They have the largest olfactory bulbs and accessory olfactory bulbs of all the New World monkeys presumably due to their reliance on smell during nocturnal activity. They also have large brown/orange eyes. The distinctive markings of the face include a triangular black patch between the eyes and black stripes on the sides, framing their

Rhinopithecus snub-nosed monkeys

and the illegal pet trade market. Golden snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) are trapped illegally for tourist photoshoots and hunted illegally for bushmeat. Snub-nosed monkey species also indirectly benefit forestry industries due to their roles as seed dispersers and pollinators.Snub-nosed monkeys are occasionally kept in zoos and primate conservancies around the world. Because they are a charismatic primate species, their presence on media platforms can help draw public funding to conservation

Eulemur macaco black lemur

four toes with an opposable hallux. All of the digits have nails except the second digit on the hind foot which instead has a grooming claw. The hind limbs of E. macaco are longer than the forelimbs.According to Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates: Second Revised Edition, in general, the basal metabolic rate of a 2.5 kg lemur is 110 kcal/kg. Thus, for a 1.8 kg black lemur it would be approximately 198 kcal. During gestation, energetic needs increase by about 2.5 to 3%, and basal metabolic rate

Allocebus trichotis hairy-eared dwarf lemur

another, removing dead skin and parasites. In captive hairy-eared dwarf lemurs it was found that males and females groom each other before they leave the nest at night (Nowak, 1999). The size of the home range used by these animals is not known. Specific patterns of communication have not been reported for A. trichotis. However, if this species is like other primates, some combination of vocal communication, body postures, and tactile communication are used in interacions with conspecifics. These aniamls

Piliocolobus rufomitratus Tana river red colobus

difficult to estimate because very few studies of these primates have ever lasted more than one year, let alone for an entire lifetime of one of these primates. Frequently only infant mortality is assessed. In one long term study the average infant/small juvenile mortality was, on average 0.064 deaths per infant per month. Infant mortality within the first year was as high as 55% for the population sampled. This same study found a higher mortality for males in the group than females, possibly from violent

Aotus nigriceps black-headed night monkey

environments. Other night monkey species, A.vociferans and A. nancymae, have been observed co-occupying sleeping sites with Potos flavus, Bassaricyon gabbi, Coendu bicolor, Tamandua tridactyla, Isothrix bistriatus and bat species. Black-headed night monkeys are small primates approximately the same size as a small squirrel. While there are few data concerning the mass of A. nigriceps specifically, Aotus species, both male and female, average 750 g as adults, reaching this size by 14 months of age. Their

Leontopithecus caissara black-faced lion tamarin

Black-faced lion tamarins vary their sleeping spots to avoid predation (Harper). Some predators that have been reported include black-hawk eagles, jaguar, jaguraundi, ocelot, ornate hawk-eagles, and tayra. Because it eats fruit, this species helps to disperse seeds. It also likely has some effect on populations of insects, snakes, and small lizards because of its predatory behavior on these animals. Because L. caissara is also a prey item, fluctuations in the population of these primates probably has some

Leontopithecus rosalia golden lion tamarin

families. These tamarins are territorial and defend their area with scent markings and vocalized threats. Some signs of aggression are an open mouth, an arched back and staring.Golden lion tamarins groom themselves much like other primates. Mainly the males groom the females. Adults spend a lot of time grooming and huddling. The juveniles play a lot. They chase each other around and wrestle.Their sleep patterns are regular: they sleep from dusk until sunrise, oftentimes with a midday nap.They have a quad

Trachypithecus obscurus dusky leaf monkey

involves groups with only one or two males. In other primate species, this social organization is typically associated with polygynous breeding. It is reasonable to assume that this species is like other similar primates in this respect. Breeding in dusky leaf monkeys is intermittent and not always seasonal. Births usually take place during the months of January, February, and March, but have been documented to occur during the summer months as well. Typically one young is born. The gestation period is, on

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